theatrical production: The single performance: …belonged to a tradition of courtly entertainment, masques of the 16th and 17th centuries became increasingly lavish and novel. A court official was responsible for the overall piece, much in the manner of the later theatre manager or entrepreneur. It was he who recommended a dramatic poet to provide the…

Ireland: Neolithic Period: tombs called court tombs because an oval or semicircular open space, or court, inset into the end of the long barrow precedes the burial chamber. There are more than 300 of these court tombs. They occur in the northern half of Ireland, and the distribution is bounded…

John Oldham: …the fringe of the “court wits” and composed several satires, some obscene, to amuse this circle. He also met John Dryden, who was to mourn him in a noble elegy.

Antoine Court was a minister and itinerant preacher in the Reformed church who restored Protestantism to France after a period of persecution begun by King Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which had guaranteed the religious and civil liberties of Protestants. By 1700 the

Margaret Court is an Australian tennis player who dominated women’s competition in the 1960s. She won 66 Grand Slam championships, more than any other woman, and in 1970 became the second woman (after Maureen Connolly in 1953) to win the Grand Slam of tennis singles: Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, the

Western Australia: Western Australia since c. 1950: …Liberal-National Party alliance headed by Richard Court, the son of the former premier, governed Western Australia into the early 21st century. In tandem with political dynamics at the national level, the policies of the Court government reflected the belief that Western Australia must become more efficient to compete in the…

Western Australia: Western Australia since c. 1950: …ministries (1959–71; 1974–83), within which Sir Charles Court (minister for industrial development and the northwest 1959–71; premier 1974–82) was the most dynamic figure. In 1960 the federal government lifted an embargo on the export of iron ore (imposed in 1938 out of concern that the country’s iron supplies were insufficient),…

court-martial, military court for hearing charges brought against members of the armed forces or others within its jurisdiction; also, the legal proceeding of such a military court. In ancient times, soldiers generally forfeited any rights that they might have had as civilians and were completely

Otto Preminger: Challenges to the Production Code of Otto Preminger: Preminger then made The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955), a fact-based courtroom drama about the U.S. Army officer who advocated for the creation of a separate air force and was publicly critical of the army; it starred Gary Cooper, Ralph Bellamy, and Rod Steiger.

court-martial, military court for hearing charges brought against members of the armed forces or others within its jurisdiction; also, the legal proceeding of such a military court. In ancient times, soldiers generally forfeited any rights that they might have had as civilians and were completely

New Deal: The Second New Deal: …1937 a reorganization of the Court. This proposal met with vehement opposition and ultimate defeat, but the Court meanwhile ruled in favour of the remaining contested legislation.

Courtauld Institute of Art, institution comprising a museum and a college for the study and research of art history. It is administered by the University of London and by the Samuel Courtauld Trust. The gallery is located in Somerset House, the Strand, in the London borough of Westminster. (Read

Courtauld Institute of Art, institution comprising a museum and a college for the study and research of art history. It is administered by the University of London and by the Samuel Courtauld Trust. The gallery is located in Somerset House, the Strand, in the London borough of Westminster. (Read

cellulose acetate: In 1950 the British firm Courtaulds Ltd. began to develop triacetate fibres, which were subsequently produced on a commercial scale after methylene chloride solvent became available. Courtaulds and British Celanese marketed a triacetate fibre under the trademark Tricel. In the United States triacetate was introduced under the trademarked name Arnel.…

curtal, Renaissance-era musical instrument and predecessor of the bassoon, with a double-back bore cut from a single piece of wood and built in sizes from treble to double bass (sometimes called the double curtal in England and the Choristfagott in Germany). The curtal was developed in the 16th

Sir William Courteen was an English merchant and shipowner noted especially for his enterprises in the West Indies and the East Indies. The son of a Protestant refugee who had come to London in 1568, Courteen from an early age acted as the agent in Haarlem, Neth., for his father’s silk and linen

Georges Courteline was a French writer and dramatist whose humorous work is a brilliant social anatomy of the late 19th-century middle and lower-middle classes. Courteline’s father, the humorist Jules Moinaux, tried to dissuade his son from following a literary career. Courteline was obliged to

Sir William Courteen was an English merchant and shipowner noted especially for his enterprises in the West Indies and the East Indies. The son of a Protestant refugee who had come to London in 1568, Courteen from an early age acted as the agent in Haarlem, Neth., for his father’s silk and linen

Courtenay, city, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, adjacent to the town of Comox, at the head of Comox Harbour, southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Named for Captain George William Courtenay of the Royal Navy, who surveyed the area from 1846 to 1849, it is now a service centre for a

Capetian dynasty: …of Constantinople (1216–61), of the house of Courtenay; various counts of Artois (from 1237), with controversial succession; the first Capetian house of Anjou, with kings and queens of Naples (1266–1435) and kings of Hungary (1310–82); the house of Évreux, with three kings of Navarre (1328–1425); the second Capetian house of…

The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner: …the impressive screen debut of Tom Courtenay.

William Courtenay was the archbishop of Canterbury, leader of the English church and moderating influence in the political disputes of King Richard II of England. A great-grandson of King Edward I, Courtenay studied law at the University of Oxford, where he became chancellor in 1367. He was

Henry Peacham: …important in the tradition of courtesy books. Numerous in the late Renaissance, courtesy books dealt with the education, ideals, and conduct befitting a gentleman or lady of the court.

courtesy literature, literature comprising courtesy books and similar pieces. Though it was essentially a book of etiquette, the typical courtesy book was in fact much more than a guide to manners. It concerned the establishment of a philosophy of life, a code of principles and ethical behaviour by

The Honourable: …the titled classes, for the title “honourable” was not definitely confined to certain classes until later. The terms honorabilis and honorabilitas were in use in the Middle Ages as a form of politeness rather than as a specific title. As a formal address, it is found frequently in the Paston…

William John Courthope was a literary critic who believed that poetry expresses a nation’s history. His History of English Poetry (6 vol., 1895–1910) traces the development of English poetry in relation to the age in which it was written. He also continued Whitwell Elwin’s edition of Alexander

Arches National Park: Notable features are Balanced Rock, Courthouse Towers (with spires that resemble skyscrapers), The Windows Section, Delicate Arch, Fiery Furnace (so named because it glows in the setting sun), and Devils Garden. Landscape Arch, measuring about 290 feet (88 metres) long from base to base, is one of the longest natural…

Michael Curtiz was a Hungarian-born American motion-picture director whose prolific output as a contract director for Warner Brothers was composed of many solid but run-of-the-mill genre films along with a string of motion picture classics that included Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Casablanca

Giovanni Della Casa: …etiquette manual, Baldassare Castiglione’s Il cortegiano (“The Courtier”), in being more concerned with the details of correct behaviour in polite society than with courtly etiquette. Like Il cortegiano, Della Casa’s manual became widely read throughout Europe.

Walter Map: …composed De nugis curialium (Courtiers’ Trifles). A miscellany written in Latin, it contains legends, folklore, and tales as well as gossip, observations, and reflections, and it reveals the author to have been knowledgeable and shrewd and a man of considerable wit. Perhaps the best-known item is the letter from…

love seat, wide chair capable of, if not necessarily designed for, accommodating two people, whose intentions are implied in the name. The makers of early examples, in the late 17th and the 18th centuries, were not motivated by the amorous considerations with which later generations have credited

Alice Marble: …Road to Wimbledon (1946) and Courting Danger (1991; cowritten with Dale Leatherman), the latter of which detailed her time spent as a spy for the U.S. government during World War II. In 1964 Marble was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.

education: French theories and practices: …France included the promotion of courtly education and the involvement of religious orders and congregations in the education of the poor.

courtly love, in the later Middle Ages, a highly conventionalized code that prescribed the behaviour of ladies and their lovers. It also provided the theme of an extensive courtly medieval literature that began with the troubadour poetry of Aquitaine and Provence in southern France toward the end

Chinese music: Courtly music: The only music that can be discussed in a survey of a repertoire so large is the more official courtly music. Ritual presentations are generally divided into two types: so-called standing music, performed without strings and apparently in the courtyard; and sitting music,…

German literature: Courtly romance: Courtly romance, a new narrative form in the 12th century, was the major vehicle for Middle High German Classicism. The earliest courtly narratives were “romances of antiquity.” They show Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, and Aeneas behaving like 12th-century chivalric knights, fighting boldly but with…

Dame Cicely Courtneidge was a British actress who played musical comedy and revue, both in a celebrated partnership with her husband, Jack Hulbert, and as a highly talented comedienne in her own right. She was the daughter of actor Robert Courtneidge and made her first appearance in 1901. By the

Kathy Hochul is an American politician and attorney who has served as the governor of New York since 2021. She is the state’s first female governor. Hochul previously served as Erie county clerk (2007–11), U.S. representative for New York’s 26th congressional district (2011–13), and lieutenant

Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron Courtney was a radical British politician who gained fame as an advocate of proportional representation in Parliament and as an opponent of imperialism and militarism. A lawyer, journalist, and teacher of political economy, Courtney was elected to the House of Commons

Bernard Courtois was a French chemist who discovered the element iodine. Courtois served as a pharmacist in the French Army and later joined his father’s saltpetre business. In 1811 he added too much sulfuric acid to seaweed ash, a major raw material in saltpetre production, and obtained a violet

Kortrijk, municipality, Flanders Region, western Belgium. It lies along the Leie (Lys) River and the Leie-Scheldt Canal. The Roman settlement of Cortracum was established there, and in the 7th century St. Eloi erected a chapel on the site of the present St. Martin’s Church. Chartered in 1190,

Battle of the Golden Spurs, (July 11, 1302), military engagement on the outskirts of Kortrijk in Flanders (now in Belgium) in which an untrained Flemish infantry militia, consisting mainly of members of the craft guilds (notably that of the weavers) defeated a professional force of French and

quarter sessions: Under the Courts Act of 1971, all of the quarter-sessions courts were abolished, and their work was assumed by a system of courts called the Crown Court.

court leet, an English criminal court for the punishment of small offenses. The use of the word leet, denoting a territorial and a jurisdictional area, spread throughout England in the 14th century, and the term court leet came to mean a court in which a private lord assumed, for his own profit,

court-martial, military court for hearing charges brought against members of the armed forces or others within its jurisdiction; also, the legal proceeding of such a military court. In ancient times, soldiers generally forfeited any rights that they might have had as civilians and were completely

courtship, in animals, behaviour that results in mating and eventual reproduction. Courtship may be rather simple, involving a small number of chemical, visual, or auditory stimuli; or it may be a highly complex series of acts by two or more individuals, using several modes of communication. Many

coloration: Reproductive signals: Courtship colorations function to attract and arouse a mate and to aid in the reproductive isolation of species. Although by no means universal, it is common, at least among vertebrates, to find that the male of the species has the brightest courtship colours. Bright colours…

Spanish literature: The novel: …de la postguerra española (1987; Courtship Customs in Postwar Spain), which describes the ideological indoctrination to which the Falange subjected girls and young women. Although he published his first novel in 1943, Gonzalo Torrente Ballester came to prominence only in the 1970s. He moved from Joycean models to realism to…

booby: Courtship also involves display—an elaborate dance by the male in which the feet are raised alternately several times, followed by a gesture known to ornithologists as sky-pointing (the birds extend their wings horizontally and toward the tail, raise their heads, and emit a long, continuous whistle). The eggs, usually two…

African dance: Division between the sexes: Dance occasions for formalized flirtation between the sexes before marriage are common, as in the Sikya dance of the Akan of Ghana. The Bororo of western Cameroon celebrate the coming of the dry season with a dance for young men and women, and couples pair…

Vincente Minnelli: Films of the 1960s and 1970s: Home from the Hill, Bells are Ringing, and On a Clear Day You Can See Forever: Venice’s first project was The Courtship of Eddie’s Father (1963), a light romantic comedy about a widower (Ford) whose exuberant son (Ron Howard) helps him choose between three prospective stepmothers (Shirley Jones, Dina Merrill, and Stella Stevens).

John Alden and Priscilla Alden: …in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem “The Courtship of Miles Standish” (1858). In that legend, Alden presumably won the hand of Priscilla after first wooing her for his friend Standish. Because of the story, Priscilla Alden alone, among the women of the Plymouth Colony, is remembered by name. The tale of…

Gustav V: During the Courtyard Crisis in February 1914, Gustav declared his support for demands that Sweden strengthen its defenses. He was accused of overstepping his authority, but, with wide popular support for his actions, he was able to force the resignation of the Liberal government that had decreased…

Gustav V: During the Courtyard Crisis in February 1914, Gustav declared his support for demands that Sweden strengthen its defenses. He was accused of overstepping his authority, but, with wide popular support for his actions, he was able to force the resignation of the Liberal government that had decreased…

courtyard theatre, any temporary or permanent theatre structure established in an inn’s courtyard in England or a residential courtyard in Spain. Under Elizabeth I, many plays were performed in the courtyards of London inns, with the first-recorded innyard performance in 1557. By 1576 there were

Sir Thomas Hoby: …work, which he published as The Courtyer of Count Baldesser Castilio in 1561. The influence of Hoby’s translation in England was enormous, not only on the social pattern of life at court but on such writers as Shakespeare and Sir Philip Sidney. Hoby also translated a Latin work on the…

Giovanni Della Casa: …etiquette manual, Baldassare Castiglione’s Il cortegiano (“The Courtier”), in being more concerned with the details of correct behaviour in polite society than with courtly etiquette. Like Il cortegiano, Della Casa’s manual became widely read throughout Europe.

Marist Father: , by Jean-Claude Courveille and Jean-Claude-Marie Colin to undertake all ministerial works—parishes, schools, hospital chaplaincies, and the foreign missions—while stressing the virtues of the Virgin Mary. Its foreign missions, the acceptance of which was the chief reason for its approval by Rome in 1836, embrace the islands…

horsemanship: Dressage: …its forelegs drawn in; the courvet, which is a jump forward in the levade position; and the croupade, ballotade, and capriole, a variety of spectacular airs in which the horse jumps and lands again in the same spot.

couscous, North African dish of semolina and accompanying foods. Traditionally, the semolina grains (the endosperm of durum wheat) were hand-rolled and prepared in a couscousière, a large covered pot with a lower compartment in which a stew or broth cooks and an upper portion with a pierced bottom

couscous: …hand-rolled and prepared in a couscousière, a large covered pot with a lower compartment in which a stew or broth cooks and an upper portion with a pierced bottom in which the couscous steams. The grains would be sprinkled with liquid, stirred to separate the clumps, and steamed several times.…

Fernand Léger: In 1909 he produced The Seamstress, in which he reduced his colours to a combination of blue-gray and buff and rendered the human body as a mass of slabs and cylinders that resembled a robot. His style was aptly nicknamed “tubism.”

consanguinity: Degrees of kin: Following this logic, first cousins who have one-eighth of their genes in common are referred to as consanguineous kin of the third degree.

Carlos Saura: …His La prima Angélica (1973; Cousin Angelica) was the first Spanish film to present the Spanish Civil War from the viewpoint of the losing Republican cause. It was shown uncensored but provoked bomb attacks in Spanish theatres.

Jessica Lange: Later notable films included Cousin Bette (1998), based on the Honoré de Balzac novel; Titus (1999), an adaptation of Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus; and the fantasy drama Big Fish (2003). In 2003 she appeared as the wife of a man who decides to have a gender-reassignment operation in the television…

Cousin Bette, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1846 as La Cousine Bette. The novel, part of Balzac’s epic series La Comèdie humaine (The Human Comedy), is considered one of his two final masterpieces. Thematically a testament to female vindictiveness, Cousin Bette recounts the story of

Cousin Pons, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1847 as Le Cousin Pons. One of the novels that makes up Balzac’s series La Comédie humaine (The Human Comedy), Cousin Pons is often paired with La Cousine Bette under the title Les Parents pauvres (“The Poor Relations”). One of the last and

Cousin Pons, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1847 as Le Cousin Pons. One of the novels that makes up Balzac’s series La Comédie humaine (The Human Comedy), Cousin Pons is often paired with La Cousine Bette under the title Les Parents pauvres (“The Poor Relations”). One of the last and

Jean Cousin the Elder was a French painter and engraver whose rich artistic contribution also included tapestry, stained-glass design, sculpture, and book illustration. A man of many accomplishments, Cousin worked as an expert geometer in his native village of Sens in 1526 and designed a walled

Jean Cousin, the Younger was an artist and craftsman noted for his painting, engraving, stained glass, sculpture, and book illustration, who, like his father, achieved fame for his versatility and independent style. Cousin followed his father, Jean Cousin, to Paris and became a student in his

Victor Cousin was a French philosopher, educational reformer, and historian whose systematic eclecticism made him the best known French thinker in his time. At the École Normale in 1811 Cousin was influenced by his studies of the philosophers P. Laromiguière, E.B. de Condillac, and John Locke. He

Charles-Guillaume-Marie-Apollinaire-Antoine Cousin-Montauban, count de Palikao was a French general who commanded an expeditionary force in China, capturing Peking (1860), and later headed the French government briefly during the collapse of the Second Empire. Commissioned in the army in 1815,

Cousin Bette, novel by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1846 as La Cousine Bette. The novel, part of Balzac’s epic series La Comèdie humaine (The Human Comedy), is considered one of his two final masterpieces. Thematically a testament to female vindictiveness, Cousin Bette recounts the story of

harp: …was improved in 1750, when Georges Cousineau replaced the hooks with metal plates that gripped the strings while leaving them in plane, and in 1792, when Sébastian Érard substituted rotating disks for the metal plates.

Béarn: …of onions, tomatoes, and garlic; cousinette is a soup whose ingredients include mallow, chard, sorrel, and chicory. Jurançon produces renowned white wines. Madiran is an outstanding red wine from Gers.

Lota: …until 1852, when the industrialist Matías Cousiño started a coal-mining enterprise. Completion of a railway from Concepción, 20 miles (32 km) north, in 1888 stimulated growth. Other industries in Lota include a brick and refractories plant and a copper smelter. Decreasing profitability and increased competition in the late 20th century…

McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission: Plurality opinion: …the Supreme Court’s decision in Cousins v. Wigoda (1975), required of any “ ‘significant interference’ with protected rights of political association” by the government. This is demonstrated by the fact that “there are multiple alternatives available to Congress that would serve the Government’s anticircumvention interest” without engaging in such “unnecessary…

Washington Commanders: …ineffective Griffin was replaced by Kirk Cousins during the 2014 season, and the latter quarterback led the Redskins to a division title in 2015. That playoff appearance proved to be an outlier, as the team followed it with three consecutive third-place divisional finishes and then a dismal 3–13 finish in…

Claude Chabrol: …he wrote, directed, and produced Les Cousins (1959; The Cousins) and later directed such pictures as Les Bonnes Femmes (1960; “The Good Women”), Landru (1962; Bluebeard), Les Biches (1968; The Does), and Le Boucher (1969; The Butcher).

All India Women’s Conference: …of Irish-born theosophist and feminist Margaret Cousins. Nearly a decade earlier, in 1917, Cousins had helped establish the Women’s Indian Association in Madras (now Chennai), one of India’s first feminist groups. Multiple such associations were subsequently established in India. In 1926, concerned about issues in women’s education in India, Cousins…

Norman Cousins was an American essayist and editor, long associated with the Saturday Review. Cousins attended Teachers College, Columbia University, and began his editorial career in 1934. From 1942 to 1972 he was editor of the Saturday Review. Following his appointment as executive editor in

Robin Cousins is an English figure skater who combined athletic jumping skills with an exceptional talent for artistic impression to win an Olympic gold medal at the 1980 Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York, U.S. Cousins was a crowd favourite as early as 1972, when he was chosen for the British

Samuel Cousins was an English mezzotint engraver, preeminently the interpreter of the painter Sir Thomas Lawrence. During his apprenticeship Cousins engraved many of the best among the 360 little mezzotints illustrating the works of Sir Joshua Reynolds. In the finest of his transcripts of Lawrence,

Jacques Cousteau: In 1974 he formed the Cousteau Society, a nonprofit environmental group dedicated to marine conservation.

Jacques Cousteau was a French naval officer, ocean explorer, and co-inventor of the Aqua-Lung, known for his extensive underseas investigations. After graduating from France’s naval academy in 1933, he was commissioned a second lieutenant. However, his plans to become a navy pilot were undermined

Jacques Cousteau was a French naval officer, ocean explorer, and co-inventor of the Aqua-Lung, known for his extensive underseas investigations. After graduating from France’s naval academy in 1933, he was commissioned a second lieutenant. However, his plans to become a navy pilot were undermined

Simon Caboche was a French demagogic agitator whose raising of riots promoted an abortive reform of the royal administration. A skinner by trade and a leader of the malcontent merchant guilds from 1407, Caboche, along with his followers, was taken under the patronage of John the Fearless, duke of

Guillaume Coustou was a French sculptor who received many royal commissions. His style was narrative and dramatic, with some affinity to Rococo works. Coustou was taught by his uncle Antoine Coysevox and spent several years studying in Rome. In 1703 Coustou returned to Paris. His marble statue

Nicolas Coustou was a French sculptor whose style was based upon the academic grand manner of the sculptors who decorated the Palace of Versailles, though with some of the freedom of the Rococo manner. He worked in a variety of mediums and produced many works, some in collaboration with his

Bob Cousy is an American basketball player and coach, who was one of the greatest ball-handling guards in the National Basketball Association (NBA), expert both at scoring and at playmaking. Cousy played collegiate basketball at the College of the Holy Cross (Worcester, Massachusetts; 1949–50),

Bob Cousy is an American basketball player and coach, who was one of the greatest ball-handling guards in the National Basketball Association (NBA), expert both at scoring and at playmaking. Cousy played collegiate basketball at the College of the Holy Cross (Worcester, Massachusetts; 1949–50),

Nassau Island: …1803 by the French navigator Louis Coutance of the Adèle. In 1835 it received its name from an American whaler whose ship was named Nassau. The island was annexed to Britain in 1892. It remained uninhabited until the 1900s, when a Samoan firm transported labourers from Kiribati to work in…

Coutances, town, Manche département, in the Normandy région of northwestern France, on the Soulle River, near the English Channel. As Cosedia, it was one of the nation’s chief pre-Roman towns, inhabited by the Unelli, an ancient Celtic tribe. Renamed Constantia in the 3rd century to honour the

Coutchiching Series, division of rocks in the region of northern Minnesota and Ontario radiometrically dated to have formed about 2.6 billion years ago during Precambrian Time (the Precambrian lasted from 3.96 billion to 540 million years ago). Rocks of the Coutchiching Series appear to underlie

Georges Couthon was a close associate of Robespierre and Louis de Saint-Just on the Committee of Public Safety that ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship and Reign of Terror (1793–94). Couthon became a poor people’s advocate at Clermont-Ferrand in 1788. In 1791 he

Brazilian literature: Colonial period: Afrânio Coutinho, for instance, interprets Brazilian literature as the expression of the nativist experiences in the New World. But Coutinho also underscores that Brazilian literature was born under the influence of the Baroque through the writings of Jesuits such as Anchieta. In this same vein,…

Luís de Sousa was a monastic historian whose prose style in his chronicle of the Dominican order earned him an important position in the history of Portuguese literature. Sousa may have studied law at the University of Coimbra. About 1576 he became a novice in the Knights of Malta but did not

Brazilian literature: Redemocratization: …writers of this period are Sônia Coutinho, whose O último verão de Copacabana (1985; “The Last Summer in Copacabana”) is about women in urban settings far away from their regional hometowns, and Lya Luft, whose works evoke the difficulty of communication, especially within families, as in her novel O quarto…

Vitória: Founded in 1535 by Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, who was given the original captaincy of Espírito Santo by the Portuguese crown, Vitória attained city status and was made a provincial capital in 1823. It is the seat of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (1961) and a Roman Catholic bishopric.…

Luís de Camões: Life: Diogo do Couto, a 16th-century historian of the Portuguese East, who never included Camões among the nobles he carefully listed for every skirmish, did note, however, that he found “that great poet and old friend of mine” stranded penniless in Mozambique and helped to pay…