history of logic: Categorical forms: …(2) a subject, (3) a copula, (4) perhaps a negation (“not”), (5) a predicate. Propositions analyzable in this way were later called categorical propositions and fall into one or another of the following forms:

sexual intercourse, reproductive act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals) enters the female reproductive tract. If the reproductive act is complete, sperm cells are passed from the male body into the female, in the process fertilizing the female’s egg and

reptile: Courtship and fertilization: …the deposition of a mucous copulatory plug. Male garter snakes (Thamnophis) deposit this plug into the female’s cloaca at the end of copulation. The plug prevents any other mating and remains for a day or two.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Causes: …carry chromosomal abnormalities known as copy number variants. These defects consist of deletions and duplications of segments of chromosomes and have been implicated in other disorders, including autism and schizophrenia.

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): From the 16th through 18th centuries two types of writing books predominated in Europe: the writing manual, which instructed the reader how to make, space, and join letters, as well as, in some books, how to choose paper, cut quills,…

Chūshingura, classic play cycle of the Japanese kabuki theatre. The kabuki drama was adapted from an original written about 1748 for the puppet theatre (bunraku) by Takeda Izumo with Namiki Sōsuke (Senryū) and Miyoshi Shōraku. In 11 acts it dramatizes the incidents that took place from 1701 to

Chūshingura, classic play cycle of the Japanese kabuki theatre. The kabuki drama was adapted from an original written about 1748 for the puppet theatre (bunraku) by Takeda Izumo with Namiki Sōsuke (Senryū) and Miyoshi Shōraku. In 11 acts it dramatizes the incidents that took place from 1701 to

Harry Connick, Jr.: … (1991), a serial killer in Copycat (1995), a hotshot fighter pilot in Independence Day (1996), and a doctor in Dolphin Tale (2011) and Dolphin Tale 2 (2014). He also starred in the romantic comedies Hope Floats (1998) and New in Town (2009). His TV work included a recurring role (2002–06;…

copyhold, in English law, a form of landholding defined as a “holding at the will of the lord according to the custom of the manor.” Its origin is found in the occupation by villeins, or nonfreemen, of portions of land belonging to the manor of the feudal lord. A portion of the manor reserved for

duplicating machine: …machines are thus differentiated from copying machines, in which copies are made from an original in an exposure–image-forming process.

copyleft, license granting general permission to copy and reproduce intellectual property. Where copyright protects society’s interests in invention and creativity by providing individual incentives through copyright control, copyleft protects social interests in knowledge creation by vesting

copyright, the exclusive, legally secured right to reproduce, distribute, and perform a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work. Now commonly subsumed under the broader category of legal regulations known as intellectual-property law, copyright is designed primarily to protect an artist, a

history of publishing: England: …fostered—by the passing of the Copyright Act of 1709, the first of its kind in any country. It was “An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by vesting the copies of printed books in the authors or purchasers of such copies during the times therein mentioned.” For books printed before…

Copyright Act of 1790, law enacted in 1790 by the U.S. Congress to establish rules of copyright for intellectual works created by citizens and legal residents of the United States. The first such federal law, it was formally titled “An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies

fair use: …of copyright law, the federal Copyright Act, codified the purpose of fair use doctrine and the four factors that determine fair use.

library: National libraries: Most national libraries receive, by legal right (known in English as legal, or copyright, deposit), one free copy of each book and periodical printed in the country. Certain other libraries throughout the world share this privilege, though many of them receive their legal deposit only by requesting it.

copyright, the exclusive, legally secured right to reproduce, distribute, and perform a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work. Now commonly subsumed under the broader category of legal regulations known as intellectual-property law, copyright is designed primarily to protect an artist, a

copyright symbol, typographical mark consisting of the letter C enclosed in a circle. The symbol is used to indicate that an artistic or intellectual work is copyrighted, although such use is not legally required in most countries in order to assert copyright. The copyright symbol has its origins

stagecraft: Costume of the 20th century and beyond: Natalya Goncharova’s design for Le Coq d’or in 1914 was unprecedented in its use of vivid colours, chiefly shades of red, yellow, and orange, with other colours for discordant emphasis. The forms of the costumes and their decorations were based on traditional Russian folk dress, though that dress was…

Georges Eekhoud: … founded a radical literary review, Le Coq rouge (“The Red Rooster”). As a novelist Eekhoud lacked the ability to construct satisfactory stories, and his characters rarely came alive. His strength lay in his descriptive realism and idiosyncratic language. Even his best novel, La nouvelle Carthage (1888; The New Carthage), set…

coquecigrue, an imaginary creature regarded as an embodiment of absolute absurdity. François Rabelais in Gargantua uses the phrase à la venue des cocquecigrues to mean “never.” Charles Kingsley in The Water Babies has the fairy Bedonebyasyoudid report that there are seven things he is forbidden to

Benoît-Constant Coquelin was a French actor of unusual range and versatility. Coquelin studied acting at the Conservatoire in 1859 and in 1860 made his debut at the Comédie-Française. At the age of 23 he was a full member of the company. Mascarille in Molière’s Étourdi and Figaro, comic valets of

sifaka: Coquerel’s sifaka (P. coquereli) is somewhat similar; it lives in the thorny forests of Madagascar’s southern desert. Two other species live in the dry forests of western Madagascar. The larger diademed sifaka (P. diadema), silky sifaka (P. candidus), and Milne-Edwards’s sifaka (P. edwardsi) live in…

Mary Pickford: … (1925), My Best Girl (1927), Coquette (1929; her first talking picture), The Taming of the Shrew (1929; her only film with Fairbanks), and Kiki (1931). Although she won an Academy Award for best actress for her performance in Coquette, Pickford’s popularity began to wane with the advent of sound.

Hannah Webster Foster: …Lady of Massachusetts,” she published The Coquette; or, The History of Eliza Wharton, a highly sentimental novel that enjoyed much success. Advertised as “founded on fact,” The Coquette was loosely based on an actual case of seduction, elopement, and tragic death. It both followed and—in some particulars, notably characterization—transcended the…

Mbandaka, city, northwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It lies on the equator about 435 miles (700 km) northeast of Kinshasa, the national capital. It was a colonial administrative centre from 1886. It is now a busy river port situated at the junction of the Congo and Ruki rivers midway on

South Bend: …the post was bought by Alexis Coquillard and his business partner, Francis Comparet; Coquillard named the place Big St. Joseph Station and promoted European settlement. In 1828 the Michigan Road, the state’s first north-south highway, was laid down nearby, and the next year the settlement became known as Southold. The…

Coquimbo, city, northern Chile. Founded in 1850, it is the main port in the area. Situated 7 miles (11 km) southwest of La Serena on Coquimbo Bay, its roadstead and dock area, among the best sheltered in Chile, are a winter haven for the Chilean navy as well as a loading port for cement, phosphate

Coquimbo, región, northern Chile, bordering Argentina to the east and fronting the Pacific Ocean to the west. It lies in an arid to semiarid area of east-west valleys and brush-covered ridges called the Norte Chico (“Little North”). It was one of the eight original Chilean provinces created in

coquina, limestone formed almost entirely of sorted and cemented fossil debris, most commonly coarse shells and shell fragments. Microcoquinas are similar sedimentary rocks that are composed of finer material. Common among microcoquinas are those formed from the disks and plates of crinoids (sea

coquina clam, any bivalve mollusk of the genus Donax. These marine invertebrates inhabit sandy beaches along coasts worldwide. A typical species, Donax variabilis, measures only about 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1 inch) in length. Its shell is wedge-shaped and varies widely in colour from white, yellow,

coquina: A coquinite is a stronger, more-consolidated version of coquina, whereas coquinoid limestone is made up of these same shell fragments within a fine-grained matrix.

reel: The Irish reel, or cor, is distinguished by more complex figurations and styling and may be either a solo or a set dance to reel music. Reels are danced, less commonly, in England and Wales and, as the ril, in Denmark. Popular reels include the Irish…

horn, in music, any of several wind instruments sounded by vibration of the player’s tensed lips against a mouthpiece and primarily derived from animal horns blown at the truncated narrow end or, as among many tropical peoples, at a hole in the side. Metal construction, at first imitating natural

English horn, orchestral woodwind instrument, a large oboe pitched a fifth below the ordinary oboe, with a bulbous bell and, at the top end, a bent metal crook on which the double reed is placed. It is pitched in F, being written a fifth higher than it sounds. Its compass is from the E below middle

Cor Caroli, binary star located 110 light-years from Earth in the constellation Canes Venatici and consisting of a brighter component (A) of visual magnitude 2.9 and a companion (B) of magnitude 5.5. It is the prototype for a group of unusual-spectrum variable stars that show strong and fluctuating

horn, the orchestral and military brass instrument derived from the trompe (or cor) de chasse, a large circular hunting horn that appeared in France about 1650 and soon began to be used orchestrally. Use of the term French horn dates at least from the 17th century. Valves were added to the

horn: The large circular French hunting horn, the trompe (or cor) de chasse, appeared in about 1650; the modern orchestral, or French, horn derives from it. Still played in modern France and Belgium by huntsmen, brass bands, and horn-playing clubs, it varies in diameter and number of coils but…

cor pulmonale, enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart, resulting from disorders of the lungs or blood vessels of the lungs or from abnormalities of the chest wall. A person with cor pulmonale has a chronic cough, experiences difficulty in breathing after exertion, wheezes, and is weak and

Cori, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy, on the lower slopes of the Lepini Mountains, 28 miles (45 km) southeast of Rome. Traditionally of Latin foundation, it played an active part in Rome’s early wars with the Volsci and Aurunci peoples, but the site lost much of its importance when

Huichol and Cora: Cora, neighbouring Middle American Indian peoples living in the states of Jalisco and Nayarit in western Mexico. Numbering together about 40,000 in the late 20th century, they inhabit a mountainous region that is cool and dry. The Huichol and Cora languages are about as closely…

Huichol and Cora: The Huichol and Cora languages are about as closely related as Spanish and Italian and are next most closely related to Nahua, the language of the Nahua peoples of central Mexico and the language of the Aztecs. The Huichol and Cora, however, are perhaps culturally closer (as well…

Western sculpture: Latin America: …17th; the best known are José Cora of Puebla and his nephew Zacarias, and Gudiño of Querétaro. Many were both sculptors and architects, a necessity of the times. In the 18th century considerable artistic stimulus was provided by the Spanish-born Neoclassicist Manuel Tolsa, first director of the Academy in Mexico…

Western sculpture: Latin America: … of Puebla and his nephew Zacarias, and Gudiño of Querétaro. Many were both sculptors and architects, a necessity of the times. In the 18th century considerable artistic stimulus was provided by the Spanish-born Neoclassicist Manuel Tolsa, first director of the Academy in Mexico City, first to produce an equestrian statue…

Uto-Aztecan languages:

roller: The 30-centimetre- (12-inch-) long common roller (Coracias garrulus), found from southern Europe to western Asia, has vivid blue wings with black borders. See also cuckoo roller; ground roller.

roller, any of about 12 species of Old World birds constituting the family Coraciidae (order Coraciiformes), named for the dives and somersaults they perform during the display flights in courtship. The family is sometimes considered to include the ground rollers and cuckoo rollers. Rollers inhabit

coraciiform, (order Coraciiformes), any member of an order made up of 10 families of birds that include the kingfishers, todies, motmots, bee-eaters, rollers, hoopoes, and hornbills. Among the members of the order that have attracted special attention are certain kingfishers that plunge headfirst

coraciiform, (order Coraciiformes), any member of an order made up of 10 families of birds that include the kingfishers, todies, motmots, bee-eaters, rollers, hoopoes, and hornbills. Among the members of the order that have attracted special attention are certain kingfishers that plunge headfirst

cuckoo-shrike: In the genus Coracina (including Edolisoma), found from Africa to Pacific islands, the plumage is gray, often with cuckoolike barring or a shrikelike mask (sexes similar); many of the 41 species are known as graybirds. An example is the large, or black-faced, cuckoo-shrike (C. novaehollandiae), about 30 cm…

coracle, primitive, light, bowl-shaped boat with a frame of woven grasses, reeds, or saplings covered with hides. Those still used, in Wales and on the coasts of Ireland, usually have a canvas and tar covering. American Indians used the similar bullboat, covered with buffalo hides, on the Missouri

bird: Skeleton: …wishbone (furcula) and the paired coracoids and shoulder blades (scapulae). The sword-shaped scapula articulates with the coracoid and upper “armbone” (humerus) and lies just dorsal to the rib basket. The coracoid articulates with the forward edge of the sternum and with the scapula, humerus, and furcula. The furcula connects the…

vulture: New World vultures: …New World vultures include the black vulture (Coragyps atratus), a New World vulture sometimes called a black buzzard or, inappropriately, a carrion crow. The black vulture, the most abundant vulture species of all, is a resident of the tropics and subtropics that often wanders far into temperate regions. It is…

coral, any of a variety of invertebrate marine organisms of the class Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria) that are characterized by skeletons—external or internal—of a stonelike, horny, or leathery consistency. The term coral is also applied to the skeletons of those animals, particularly to those of the

atoll, coral reef enclosing a lagoon. Atolls consist of ribbons of reef that may not always be circular but whose broad configuration is a closed shape up to dozens of kilometres across, enclosing a lagoon that may be approximately 50 metres (160 feet) deep or more. Most of the reef itself is a

coral bleaching, whitening of coral that results from the loss of a coral’s symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) or the degradation of the algae’s photosynthetic pigment. Bleaching is associated with the devastation of coral reefs, which are home to approximately 25 percent of all marine species. Coral

shrimp: …inches), cleans the scales of coral fish as the fish swims backward through the shrimp’s chelae.

mushroom: Other mushrooms: …Ramaria), are shrublike, clublike, or coral-like in growth habit. One club fungus, the cauliflower fungus (Sparassis crispa), has flattened clustered branches that lie close together, giving the appearance of the vegetable cauliflower.

Coral Gables, city, Miami-Dade county, southeastern Florida, U.S., on Biscayne Bay and adjoining Miami (northeast). George E. Merrick developed the site (beginning about 1920) from a nucleus of his family’s 160 acres (65 hectares) of citrus and farmland and named it for the family’s house of coral

coral island, tropical island built of organic material derived from skeletons of corals and numerous other animals and plants associated with corals. Coral islands consist of low land perhaps only a few metres above sea level, generally with coconut palms and surrounded by white coral sand

R.M. Ballantyne: …famous for his adventure story The Coral Island (1858). This and all of Ballantyne’s stories were written from personal experience. The heroes of his books are models of self-reliance and moral uprightness. Snowflakes and Sunbeams; or, The Young Fur Traders (1856) is a boys’ adventure story based on Ballantyne’s experiences…

lagoon: Coral lagoons: Coral lagoons are restricted to tropical open seas that provide the conditions necessary for coral growth. They are best exemplified by the roughly circular quiet waters that are surrounded by warm-water coral atoll reefs. Coral lagoons occur widely in the western Pacific, in…

jatropha: The coral plant (J. multifida) from South America is outstanding for its huge, deeply cut, 11-lobed leaves on plants, 3 m (10 feet) tall, bearing small, coral-red clusters of flowers.

chorale prelude, a short setting for organ of a German Protestant chorale melody, used to introduce congregational singing of the hymn (chorale). It is epitomized by the numerous examples composed by J.S. Bach, who built upon a 17th-century tradition identified with the work of Dietrich Buxtehude

coral reef, ridge or hummock formed in shallow ocean areas by algae and the calcareous skeletons of certain coelenterates, of which coral polyps are the most important. A coral reef may grow into a permanent coral island. Often called the “rainforests of the sea,” coral reefs are home to a

Coral Sea, sea of the southwestern Pacific Ocean, extending east of Australia and New Guinea, west of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides, and south of the Solomon Islands. It is about 1,400 miles (2,250 km) north-south and 1,500 miles east-west and covers an area of 1,849,800 square miles

Coral Sea Islands, group of islands situated east of Queensland, Austl., in the South Pacific Ocean; they constitute an external territory of Australia. Spread over a vast sea area of about 300,000 square miles (780,000 square km) off the outer (eastern) edge of the Great Barrier Reef, the islands

Coral Sea Islands, group of islands situated east of Queensland, Austl., in the South Pacific Ocean; they constitute an external territory of Australia. Spread over a vast sea area of about 300,000 square miles (780,000 square km) off the outer (eastern) edge of the Great Barrier Reef, the islands

Battle of the Coral Sea, (May 4–8, 1942) World War II naval and air engagement in which a U.S. fleet turned back a Japanese invasion force that had been heading for strategic Port Moresby in New Guinea. By the end of April 1942 the Japanese were ready to seize control of the Coral Sea (between

gastropod: Classification: …(Muricidae), rock shells (Purpuridae), and coral shells (Coralliophilidae) are common predators, often boring into shells of their prey; rock shells common in cooler waters, others mostly tropical. Superfamily Buccineacea Scavengers that have lost the mechanisms for boring; dove shells (Columbellidae), mud snails (Nassariidae), tulip

shrimp: The coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus, a tropical species that attains lengths of 3.5 cm (1.4 inches), cleans the scales of coral fish as the fish swims backward through the shrimp’s chelae.

coral reef: Other threats: “Smothering,” as this is called, may prevent reef plants from obtaining adequate sunlight or may promote the growth of harmful algal blooms.

coral snake, any of more than 100 species of small, secretive, and brightly patterned venomous snakes of the cobra family (Elapidae). New World coral snakes range in size from 40 to 160 cm (16 to 63 inches) and are classified in two genera (Micruroides and Micrurus); they are found mainly in the

Coral Triangle, large, roughly triangular-shaped marine region characterized by tremendous biodiversity and spanning approximately 6 million square km (2.3 million square miles) of the western Pacific Ocean. It is made up of the sea zones that touch the shores of Indonesia, Malaysia, the

Coral Triangle: The Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) was formally begun on May 15, 2009, during a summit at which six heads of state from the countries that border the Coral Triangle gathered in Manado, Indonesia, to formally delineate the Coral Triangle and adopt a 10-year Regional Plan of…

coral-bells, (Heuchera sanguinea), hardy garden perennial, of the saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae), native to North America from Mexico to the Arctic. Coral-bells is a compact, bushy plant growing in tufts, with flower stems about 45 centimetres (18 inches) tall. It has spikes covered with pendant

crab: Distribution and variety: …food; another example is the coral-gall crab (Hapalocarcinidae), which irritates the growing tips of certain corals so that they grow to enclose the female in a stony prison. Many of the sluggish spider crabs (Majidae) cover their shells with growing seaweeds, zoophytes, and sponges, which afford them a very effective…

lagoon: Coral lagoons: Coral lagoons are restricted to tropical open seas that provide the conditions necessary for coral growth. They are best exemplified by the roughly circular quiet waters that are surrounded by warm-water coral atoll reefs. Coral lagoons occur widely in the western Pacific, in…

snowberry: Indian currant, or coralberry (S. orbiculatus), more than 2 m tall, bears purplish berries. Creeping snowberry is a plant of the genus Gaultheria (family Ericaceae).

Michel Mayor: …in 1998, they used the CORALIE spectrograph at La Silla Observatory in Chile to search for planets around 1,647 nearby stars. The CORALIE project has found more than 100 extrasolar planet candidates. Mayor was the principal investigator of the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) project, which used a…

Dawn French: …and the Wardrobe (2005) and Coraline (2009). She had a small role in, and was an executive producer of, Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (2016). In addition, French was cast in Kenneth Branagh’s Death on the Nile (2022), an adaptation of Agatha Christie’s classic mystery novel.

Jean Coralli was a French dancer and choreographer who was ballet master of the Paris Opéra and who, with Jules Perrot, created the Romantic ballet Giselle. Coralli received his early training in Paris from Pierre Gardel or Jean-François Coulon and made his debut at the Paris Opéra in 1802. In

cnidarian: Annotated classification: Order Corallimorpharia Sea-anemone-like solitary or aggregated polyps lacking basilar muscles and skeleton. Coral-like muscles and nematocysts. Mostly tropical. Order Ptychodactiaria Sea-anemone-like, lacking ciliated tract on edge of mesenteries and basilar muscles. Both poles. Order Scleractinia (Madreporaria)

red algae: Some species of Corallina and its allies are important, along with animal corals, in forming coral reefs and islands. Agar, a gelatin-like substance prepared primarily from Gracilaria and Gelidium species, is important as a culture medium for bacteria and fungi.

gastropod: Classification: …(Muricidae), rock shells (Purpuridae), and coral shells (Coralliophilidae) are common predators, often boring into shells of their prey; rock shells common in cooler waters, others mostly tropical. Superfamily Buccineacea Scavengers that have lost the mechanisms for boring; dove shells (Columbellidae), mud snails (Nassariidae), tulip

cnidarian: Annotated classification: Worldwide; includes precious red coral, Corallium. Order Trachylina Medusa dominant; reduced or no polyp stage. Statocysts and special sensory structures (tentaculocysts). Differ from other hydromedusae by having tentacles inserted above umbrellar margin. Oceanic, mostly warmer waters. Suborder Laingiomedusae Medusae with

Lucchese crime family: Anthony (“Tony Ducks”) Corallo, Lucchese’s handpicked successor, was one of the targets of a 1985 FBI investigation that led to his conviction, along with those of the bosses of the Genovese and Colombo families, on charges that included racketeering, extortion, loan-sharking, and murder. At that…

cycadophyte: Roots: The coralloid roots contain symbiotic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), which fix nitrogen and, in association with root tissues, produce such beneficial amino acids as asparagine and citrulline.

coralroot, (genus Corallorhiza), genus of 11 species of nonphotosynthetic orchids (family Orchidaceae). One species is Eurasian, and the others are native to North and Central America. The spotted coralroot (Corallorhiza maculata) is found throughout most of the United States and has white flowers

coralroot: The spotted coralroot (Corallorhiza maculata) is found throughout most of the United States and has white flowers spotted with purple.

boa: 8-metre (6-foot) emerald tree boa (Corallus caninus) of tropical South America; the adult is green above, with a white dorsal stripe and crossbars, and yellow below. The rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria) of Costa Rica to Argentina is not strongly patterned but is markedly iridescent. Except for the…

coralroot, (genus Corallorhiza), genus of 11 species of nonphotosynthetic orchids (family Orchidaceae). One species is Eurasian, and the others are native to North and Central America. The spotted coralroot (Corallorhiza maculata) is found throughout most of the United States and has white flowers

courante, court dance for couples, prominent in the late 16th century and fashionable in aristocratic European ballrooms, especially in France and England, for the next 200 years. It reputedly originated as an Italian folk dance with running steps. As a court dance it was performed with small,

Courantyne River, river in northern South America, rising in the Akarai Mountains and flowing generally northward for 450 miles (700 km) to the Atlantic Ocean near Nieuw Nickerie, Suriname. It divides Suriname and Guyana. Guyana nationals have free navigation on the river but no fishing rights.

courante, court dance for couples, prominent in the late 16th century and fashionable in aristocratic European ballrooms, especially in France and England, for the next 200 years. It reputedly originated as an Italian folk dance with running steps. As a court dance it was performed with small,

newsletter: …modern newsletters were the “corantos”—single-page collections of news items from foreign journals. They were circulated by the Dutch early in the 17th century, and English and French translations were published in Amsterdam. In the English American colonies, the Boston News-letter—credited also as the first American newspaper—appeared in 1704.

Ireland: Roads and railways: The Irish Transport System (Córas Iompair Éireann) has financial control over three autonomous operating companies—Irish Rail (Iarnród Éireann), Dublin Bus (Bus Átha Cliath), and Irish Bus (Bus Éireann). An electrified commuter rail system, the Dublin Area Rapid Transport, opened in Dublin in 1984. There are rail…

Corato, town, Puglia (Apulia) region, southeastern Italy, on a slope descending to the Adriatic Sea, west of Bari. Founded by the Normans, Corato became subject to Alfonso V, king of Aragon, at the end of the 15th century, and later to the Carafa family. The chief features of the ancient centre of

carole: In modern Switzerland a few coraules survive; they begin as a chain and end with couples dancing. Choros in modern Greek still means a circular dance. The branle, danced in the late European Middle Ages, derived from the carole. Some authorities believe that country dancing, with its lines or circles…

Mithraism: Worship, practices, and institutions: …were organized in seven grades: corax, Raven; nymphus, Bridegroom; miles, Soldier; leo, Lion; Perses, Persian; heliodromus, Courier of (and to) the Sun; pater, Father. To each rank belonged a particular mask (Raven, Persian, Lion) or dress (Bridegroom). The rising of the Mithraist