pottery: Majolica: …of clear lead glaze called coperta. The range of colours was comparatively limited: cobalt blue, copper green, manganese purple, antimony yellow, and iron red formed the basic palette, while white was provided by the tin-glaze material. When white was used for painting, it was applied onto a bluish-white glaze (bianco…

frog and toad: Annotated classification: …genera, 306 species; 10 subfamilies: Cophylinae (Madagascar), Dyscophinae (Madagascar), Scaphiophryninae (Madagascar), Asterophryinae (New Guinea and Sulu Archipelago), Genyophryninae (Philippines, eastern Indo-Australian archipelago, New Guinea, northern Australia), Brevicipitinae (Africa), Microhylinae (North and South

Copiapó, city, northern Chile. At 35 miles (56 km) inland from the Pacific coast in the fertile Copiapó River valley, this irrigated oasis (usually regarded as the southern limit of the Atacama Desert) in an extremely arid territory has been farmed since the pre-Inca period. The community was

Abbas Kiarostami: Copie conforme (2010; Certified Copy) was Kiarostami’s first narrative feature film since Ten and the first he shot outside Iran. In Tuscany a gallery owner (played by Juliette Binoche, who appeared in Shīrīn) invites an art historian (William Shimell) to tour the countryside with her. However, the true…

copier, a device for producing copies of text or graphic material by the use of light, heat, chemicals, or electrostatic charges. The method most widely used by modern office copiers is called xerography (from the Greek words meaning “dry writing”). Although developed by the U.S. physicist Chester

saw: …wood or other materials, the coping, or jeweler’s, saw, which is basically a hacksaw with a deeper U-shaped frame and a much narrower blade, is well-suited.

cone-headed grasshopper, any insect of the subfamily Copiphorinae within the long-horned grasshopper family Tettigoniidae (order Orthoptera). These green- or brown-coloured grasshoppers have a cone-shaped head, long antennae, and a slender body about 4 cm (1.6 inches) long. They may use their

jota: The singing consists of coplas, improvised verses of satire, love, or piety. The verse form varies but is frequently a four- or seven-line stanza of eight-syllable lines. The music is in 34 or 38 time.

Aaron Copland was an American composer who achieved a distinctive musical characterization of American themes in an expressive modern style. Copland, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, was born in New York City and attended public schools there. An older sister taught him to play the piano, and

Thomas Chippendale: …in the Rococo style, notably Henry Copland, who had published designs earlier, and Matthias Lock, whom Chippendale had hired to provide special designs for clients.

Jorge Manrique: …by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique (1833). Selections of Manrique’s poetry appeared in Hernando de Castillo’s anthology Cancionero general (1511).

Judaism: Judeo-Persian and Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) tales: …appear in Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) in Coplas de Yoçef (“Song of Joseph”), composed in 1732 by Abraham de Toledo and embodying a certain amount of traditional Haggadic material. From a revival of literary activity in the 18th century comes a comprehensive “legendary Bible” called Me-ʿam LoʿḥḲ ą, “From a People of…

Jorge Manrique: …by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique (1833). Selections of Manrique’s poetry appeared in Hernando de Castillo’s anthology Cancionero general (1511).

Leigh Creek, town and coalfield, east-central South Australia, 350 miles (563 km) by rail north of Adelaide. The original town was named for Harry Leigh, an employee at the local sheep station in the 1850s. Lignite coal, discovered there in 1888, was mined underground from 1892 to 1908 and then

Copley Medal, the most prestigious scientific award in the United Kingdom, given annually by the Royal Society of London “for outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science.” The Copley Medal is named for Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1709), a member of the Royal Society

John Singleton Copley was an American painter of portraits and historical subjects, generally acclaimed as the finest artist of colonial America. Little is known of Copley’s boyhood. He gained familiarity with graphic art from his stepfather, the limner and engraver Peter Pelham, and developed an

Copley Medal: …Copley Medal is named for Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1709), a member of the Royal Society and longtime member of Parliament from Yorkshire who left a bequest of £100 to be used to fund experiments that would benefit the Society and further scientific knowledge. The first grant was…

copolyester elastomer, a synthetic rubber consisting of hard polyester crystallites dispersed in a soft, flexible matrix. Because of this twin-phase composition, copolyester elastomers are thermoplastic elastomers, materials that have the elasticity of rubber but also can be molded and remolded

copolyester elastomer, a synthetic rubber consisting of hard polyester crystallites dispersed in a soft, flexible matrix. Because of this twin-phase composition, copolyester elastomers are thermoplastic elastomers, materials that have the elasticity of rubber but also can be molded and remolded

copolymer, any of a diverse class of substances of high molecular weight prepared by chemical combination, usually into long chains, of molecules of two or more simple compounds (the monomers forming the polymer). The structural units derived from the different monomers may be present in regular

Mahlon Pitney: …of his earlier opinion in Coppage v. Kansas, in which the court struck down a Kansas statute prohibiting an employer from preventing union membership among his employees by force or coercion. Another memorable opinion, in Frank v. Mangum, drew vigorous dissent from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes on the grounds that…

Adair v. United States: …Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for belonging to a labour union, an action in direct violation of the Erdman Act of 1898, which prohibited railroads engaged in interstate commerce from requiring workers to refrain from union membership as a condition of employment. The Supreme Court decided in a…

A.E. Coppard was a writer who achieved fame with his short stories depicting the English rural scene and its characters. Born in humble circumstances, his father being a journeyman tailor and his mother a hostler’s daughter, Coppard left school at the age of nine and worked first as an errand boy

A.E. Coppard was a writer who achieved fame with his short stories depicting the English rural scene and its characters. Born in humble circumstances, his father being a journeyman tailor and his mother a hostler’s daughter, Coppard left school at the age of nine and worked first as an errand boy

François Coppée was a French poet, dramatist, and short-story writer known for his somewhat sentimental treatment of the life of the poor. Coppée served as a clerk in the Ministry of War and was successful in 1869 with the play Le Passant. From 1871 to 1885 he was the librarian of the

Coppélia, comic ballet by French composer Léo Delibes that premiered in Paris on May 2, 1870. It was an immediate success and soon reappeared in the form of excerpts scored for piano and as an orchestral suite. Coppélia was based on German writer E.T.A. Hoffmann’s story “Der Sandmann” (1816; “The

copper (Cu), chemical element, a reddish, extremely ductile metal of Group 11 (Ib) of the periodic table that is an unusually good conductor of electricity and heat. Copper is found in the free metallic state in nature. This native copper was first used (c. 8000 bce) as a substitute for stone by

Copper Age, early phase of the Bronze Age

copper butterfly, (subfamily Lycaeninae), any member of a group of butterflies in the gossamer-winged butterfly family, Lycaenidae (order Lepidoptera). The copper’s typical coloration ranges from orange-red to brown, usually with a copper tinge and dark markings. The American copper (Lycaena

mineral deposit: Skarns: …found at many places, including Copper Canyon in Nevada and Mines Gaspé in Quebec, Canada. Tungsten skarns supply much of the world’s tungsten from deposits such as those at Sangdong, Korea; King Island, Tasmania, Australia; and Pine Creek, California, U.S.

Chihuahua: Copper Canyon (Barranca del Cobre), in the western part of the state, reaches depths of 4,600 feet (1,400 metres) in places. It is larger and more spectacular than the Grand Canyon but is virtually inaccessible, though a railway traverses part of it. Among the other…

copper: Principal compounds: Other important copper(II) compounds include cupric carbonate, Cu2(OH)2CO3, which is prepared by adding sodium carbonate to a solution of copper sulfate and then filtering and drying the product. It is used as a colouring agent. With arsenic it forms cupric acetoarsenite (commonly known as Paris green), a wood preservative and…

petroleum refining: Sweetening: …largely been replaced by the copper chloride process, in which the catalyst is a slurry of copper chloride and fuller’s earth. It is applicable to both kerosene and gasoline. The oil is heated and brought into contact with the slurry while being agitated in a stream of air that oxidizes…

Valdez, city, southeastern Alaska, U.S. Situated on Prince William Sound, 305 miles (490 km) east of Anchorage, it is the northernmost all-year port in North America. Formerly known as Copper City, it was renamed in 1898 for its harbour (explored and named by Spaniards in 1790 in honour of naval

jewelry: North American: Objects called copper coins, symbols of maximum power and wealth, were in the form of a shield made of copper sheet in a standardized shape (trapezoidal above and rectangular below). The upper half was taken up by a design such as a head worked in engraving or…

CIGS solar cell, thin-film photovoltaic device that uses semiconductor layers of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. Although CIGS solar cells are considered to be in the early stages of large-scale commercialization, they can be produced by

Oliver La Farge: Long Pennant (1933) and The Copper Pot (1942) have New Englanders as their main characters. La Farge’s short stories were collected in All the Young Men (1935) and A Pause in the Desert (1957). La Farge’s autobiography, Raw Material, was published in 1945.

copper processing, the extraction of copper from its ores and the preparation of copper metal or chemical compounds for use in various products. In its pure form or as an alloy, copper (Cu) is one of the most important metals in society. The pure metal has a face-centred cubic crystal structure,

echeveria: coccinea), and copper roses (E. multicaulis), are common in Mexican and southwestern American gardens.

copper work, tools, implements, weapons, and artwork made of copper. Copper’s discovery precedes recorded history, and it was the first metal that was used in fashioning tools and weapons. Its use dates at least from 4000 bc in Chaldea, and perhaps earlier. Although bronze, and later iron, became

Morten P. Meldal: …particular for his work on copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuACC), a highly efficient chemical reaction in click chemistry, which he developed simultaneously and independently of American chemist K. Barry Sharpless. The discovery of the CuACC reaction opened up new opportunities in research and development, especially in the areas of materials science…

Mystery Sonatas, group of 15 short sonatas and a passacaglia for violin and basso continuo written by Bohemian composer Heinrich Biber about 1674. Rooted in Biber’s longtime employment with the Roman Catholic Church and in the life of the Salzburg court in Austria, they are rare examples of

iron: Compounds: …formation of two sulfur compounds: ferrous sulfate, FeSO4, which is commonly available as the heptahydrate FeSO4∙7H2O; and ferric sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3. Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, known in commerce as green vitriol, or copperas, is obtained as a by-product of industrial processes using iron ores that have been treated with sulfuric acid. It…

butterflyfish: …long snout, as in the longnose, or copperband, butterflyfish (Chelmon rostratus) of the Indo-Pacific and the long-snouted, or long-nosed, butterflyfish (Forcipiger flavissimus) of the Atlantic. Most species have strong, prominent spines on the front portions of their dorsal fins.

Copperbelt, in African geography, zone of copper deposits and associated mining and industrial development dependent upon them, forming the greatest concentration of industry in sub-Saharan Africa outside the Republic of South Africa. The belt extends about 280 miles (450 km) northwest from

Copperbelt, province, central Zambia, east-central Africa. It is bounded by North-Western (to the west) and Central (south) provinces and by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (to the north and east). Ndola, in the east, is the capital of the province. The region lies on the eastern Central

Zambia: Education of Zambia: Copperbelt University, formerly a part of the University of Zambia, achieved independent university status in 1987 and is located at Kitwe. It offers courses of study within its business, built-environment, natural resources, and technology schools. The language of instruction for both universities is English.

David Copperfield is an American entertainer, one of the best-known stage illusionists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Copperfield is the first to admit that he entered show business to overcome his shyness with the opposite sex; he started out at age 10 as a ventriloquist. Switching to

David Copperfield, fictional character, the young hero of Charles Dickens’s most popular novel, the semiautobiographical David Copperfield

tactical weapons system: Surface-to-surface systems: Copperhead is a laser-guided artillery projectile fired from a conventional 155-millimetre howitzer. The gunner focuses a laser on the target momentarily after the projectile is in flight, and a sensor in the weapon is imprinted with the image of the target and operates control flaps…

Copperhead, during the American Civil War, pejoratively, any citizen in the North who opposed the war policy and advocated restoration of the Union through a negotiated settlement with the South. The word Copperhead was first so used by the New York Tribune on July 20, 1861, in reference to the

copperhead, any of several unrelated snakes named for their reddish head colour. The North American copperhead Agkistrodon (also spelled Ancistrodon) contortrix is a venomous species found in swampy, rocky, and wooded regions of the eastern and central United States. Also called highland moccasin,

copperleaf, (genus Acalypha), genus of about 450 species of erect shrubs and herbs of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). Members of the genus are found mostly in the tropics of both hemispheres, and some are native to the southern United States. It is one of the largest genera of its family.

Coppermine River, stream, in southern Kitikmeot region, Nunavut territory, and northern Fort Smith region, Northwest Territories, Canada. From its source in a small lake of the Barren Grounds (a subarctic prairie region), north of Great Slave Lake, it flows northward for 525 miles (845 km),

Anaconda, city, seat (since 1977) of Anaconda-Deer Lodge county, southwestern Montana, U.S., 23 miles (37 km) northwest of Butte. Laid out in 1883 as Copperopolis by Marcus Daly, founder of Montana’s copper industry, the settlement was the seat of Deer Lodge county. In 1977 the governments of

engraving: …the process is also called copperplate engraving. Another term for the process, line engraving, derives from the fact that this technique reproduces only linear marks. Tone and shading, however, can be suggested by making parallel lines or crosshatching.

counterfeiting: …is the poor resolution of lines in the engraving of the bill. The line-intaglio process used for the printing of bills produces a distinctive sharpness of fine lines and readily discernible differences in ink thickness. Genuine bills have another element that is difficult to imitate: the use of a distinctive…

copperplate script, in calligraphy, dominant style among 18th-century writing masters, whose copybooks were splendidly printed from models engraved on copper. The alphabet was fundamentally uncomplicated, but the basic strokes were often concealed in luxuriant flourishing and dazzling professional

copper work, tools, implements, weapons, and artwork made of copper. Copper’s discovery precedes recorded history, and it was the first metal that was used in fashioning tools and weapons. Its use dates at least from 4000 bc in Chaldea, and perhaps earlier. Although bronze, and later iron, became

barbet: Some species, such as the coppersmith (Megalaima haemacephala) of Asia and the African tinkerbirds of the genus Pogoniulus, are noted for their ringing calls. Maddeningly vocal or repetitious species are sometimes called brain-fever birds.

Theda Bara was an American silent-film star who was the first screen vamp who lured men to destruction. Her films set the vogue for sophisticated sexual themes in motion pictures and made her an international symbol of daring new freedom. (Read Lillian Gish’s 1929 Britannica essay on silent film.)

coppice, a dense grove of small trees or shrubs that have grown from suckers or sprouts rather than from seed. A coppice usually results from human woodcutting activity and may be maintained by continually cutting new growth to ground level as it reaches usable size. As a gardening or woodland

sand dune: Fixed dunes in semiarid regions: These forms are known as coppice dunes, or nebkha. Further, in many regions that are now subhumid or humid, one finds areas of older dunes fixed by vegetation, providing undeniable evidence that these regions were once more arid than they are today. On the North American high plains, in Hungary,…

Baltimore: The contemporary city: …with Johns Hopkins since 1977); Coppin State University (1900), Towson University (1866), the University of Maryland, Baltimore (1807), and the University of Baltimore (1925), all part of the University of Maryland system; Loyola University Maryland (1852); the Notre Dame of Maryland University (1873); Morgan State University (1867); the Maryland Institute…

Fanny Jackson Coppin was an American educator and missionary whose innovations as head principal of the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia included a practice-teaching system and an elaborate industrial-training department. Born a slave, Fanny Jackson was bought into freedom by an aunt

Sofia Coppola is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and fashion designer known best for her films The Virgin Suicides (1999) and Lost in Translation (2003). In 2004, she was the first American woman to be nominated for an Academy Award in the category of best director. Coppola is

Francis Ford Coppola: The 1970s: …was chronicled by Coppola’s wife, Eleanor, in her journal Notes (1979) and later in the documentary Hearts of Darkness (1991).

Francis Ford Coppola is an American motion-picture director, writer, and producer whose films range from sweeping epics to small-scale character studies. As the director of films such as The Godfather (1972), The Conversation (1974), and Apocalypse Now (1979), he enjoyed his greatest success and

Nicolas Cage is an American actor, perhaps best known for his performances in action films and big-budget summer blockbusters. He received an Academy Award for his work in Leaving Las Vegas (1995). The nephew of motion-picture director Francis Ford Coppola, he made his acting debut in 1981 in a

Wes Anderson: …cowrote with Schwartzman and actor-screenwriter Roman Coppola. It starred Schwartzman, Owen Wilson, and Adrien Brody as estranged brothers traveling in India by train to visit their mother (Huston) following their father’s death.

Sofia Coppola is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and fashion designer known best for her films The Virgin Suicides (1999) and Lost in Translation (2003). In 2004, she was the first American woman to be nominated for an Academy Award in the category of best director. Coppola is

Sofia Coppola is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and fashion designer known best for her films The Virgin Suicides (1999) and Lost in Translation (2003). In 2004, she was the first American woman to be nominated for an Academy Award in the category of best director. Coppola is

copra, dried sections of the meat of the coconut, the kernel of the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). Copra is valued for the coconut oil extracted from it and for the resulting residue, coconut-oil cake, which is used mostly for livestock feed. Copra was introduced as a source of edible

advanced ceramics: Coprecipitation and freeze-drying: Often the salt compounds of two desired precursors can be dissolved in aqueous solutions and subsequently precipitated from solution by pH adjustment. This process is referred to as coprecipitation. With care, the resulting powders are intimate and reactive mixtures of the desired…

dung beetle, (subfamily Scarabaeinae), any of a group of beetles in the family Scarabaeidae (insect order Coleoptera) that forms manure into a ball using its scooperlike head and paddle-shaped antennae. In some species the ball of manure can be as large as an apple. In the early part of the summer

inky cap, (genus Coprinus), genus of about 350 cosmopolitan mushroom species. Inky caps are so named for the disintegration of the mushroom cap into an inklike liquid following spore discharge. The inklike liquid has been used for writing. Inky caps grow on wood and dung. The caps of C.

inky cap: The caps of C. atramentarius and C. comatus (shaggy mane, or shaggy cap) are edible when young, before the gills turn black.

inky cap: comatus (shaggy mane, or shaggy cap) are edible when young, before the gills turn black.

coprocessor, additional processor used in some computers to perform specialized tasks such as extensive arithmetic calculations or processing of graphical displays. The coprocessor is often designed to do such tasks more efficiently than the central processing unit (CPU), resulting in far greater

scatologia, deviant sexual practice in which sexual pleasure is obtained through the compulsive use of obscene language. The affected person commonly satisfies his desires through obscene telephone calls, usually to strangers. Such telephone encounters may be extremely frightening to the

coprolite, the fossilized excrement of animals. The English geologist William Buckland coined the term in 1835 after he and fossilist Mary Anning recognized that certain convoluted masses occurring in the Lias rock strata of Gloucestershire and dating from the Early Jurassic Period (200 million to

Albert Goldbarth: Goldbarth’s collections included Coprolites (1973), Comings Back (1976), Different Fleshes (1979), Ink, Blood, Semen (1980), Who Gathered and Whispered Behind Me (1981), Arts & Sciences (1986), Popular Culture (1990), The Gods

coprophagy, eating of dung, or feces, considered abnormal among human beings but apparently instinctive among certain members of the order Lagomorpha (rabbits and hares) and in at least one leaf-eating primate (genus Lepilemur). It is thought that these animals obtain needed vitamins in this way.

Television in the United States: Reality TV: In Cops (Fox, 1989–2013; Spike, begun 2013), a camera crew rode along with the police as they patrolled various urban settings. Episodes of Cops had been taped in more than 100 cities by the end of the century. The reality genre owed much to An American…

Michael Ritchie: Later work: Cops and Robbersons (1994) was another disappointing Chase vehicle, while the baseball comedy The Scout (1994), which starred Albert Brooks and Brendan Fraser, was also a commercial failure. The Fantasticks (1995), an adaptation of the hugely popular Off-Broadway musical, did not find a theatrical release…

coppice, a dense grove of small trees or shrubs that have grown from suckers or sprouts rather than from seed. A coppice usually results from human woodcutting activity and may be maintained by continually cutting new growth to ground level as it reaches usable size. As a gardening or woodland

Gerard Butler: …about a natural disaster, and Copshop (2021), in which he was cast as a hit man. Last Seen Alive (2022) centres on a man searching for his estranged wife after she mysteriously disappears.

Edward Thomas Copson was a mathematician known for his contributions to analysis and partial differential equations, especially as they apply to mathematical physics. Copson studied at St. John’s College, Oxford, and then was a lecturer of mathematics first at the University of Edinburgh (1922–29)

magpie-robin, any of eight species of chat-thrushes found in southern Asia, belonging to the family Muscicapidae in the order Passeriformes. Some authorities place these birds in the family Turdidae. They are 18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches) long, with pied plumage and attenuated tails—small replicas

dyal, popular species of magpie-robin

Copt, a member of Egypt’s indigenous Christian ethno-religious community. The terms Copt and Coptic are variously used to denote either the members of the Coptic Orthodox Church, the largest Christian body in Egypt, or as generic terms for Egyptian Christians; this article focuses primarily on the

Coptic art, any of the visual arts associated with the Greek- and Egyptian-speaking Christian peoples of Egypt from about the 3rd to the 12th century ad. It is essentially reflected in the stone reliefs, wood carvings, and wall paintings of the monasteries of Egypt. It is, nonetheless, common

Coptic Catholic Church, Eastern Catholic church of the Alexandrian rite in Egypt, in communion with Rome since 1741, when Athanasius, a Miaphysite (acknowledging only one nature in the person of Christ) Coptic bishop, became a Roman Catholic. Two succeeding bishops remained unconsecrated because

Coptic chant, liturgical music of the descendants of ancient Egyptians who converted to Christianity prior to the Islāmic conquest of Egypt in the 7th century. The term Coptic derives from Arabic qibṭ, a corruption of Greek Aigyptios (“Egyptian”); when Muslim Egyptians no longer called themselves

Coptic language, an Afro-Asiatic language that was spoken in Egypt from about the 2nd century ce and that represents the final stage of the ancient Egyptian language. In contrast to earlier stages of Egyptian, which used hieroglyphic writing, hieratic script, or demotic script, Coptic was written

Coptic literature, body of writings, almost entirely religious, that dates from the 2nd century, when the Coptic language of Egypt, the last stage of ancient Egyptian, began to be used as a literary language, until its decline in the 7th and 8th centuries. It contains, in addition to translations

museum: Africa: …Islamic Art (1903) and the Coptic Museum (1908). In South Africa there was steady museum development in a number of the provinces—for example, in Grahamstown (1837), Port Elizabeth (1856), Bloemfontein (1877), Durban (1887), Pretoria (1893), and Pietermaritzburg (1903).

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Oriental Orthodox church and principal Christian church in predominantly Muslim Egypt. The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibṭ, Westernized as Copt). When

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Oriental Orthodox church and principal Christian church in predominantly Muslim Egypt. The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibṭ, Westernized as Copt). When

Qifṭ, agricultural town, Qinā muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt. It is situated at the large bend of the Nile north of Luxor (al-Uqṣur) and lies along the east bank of the river. Known to the ancient Egyptians as Qebtu, the town was of early dynastic foundation. It was important for nearby gold