Confederate States of America, in the American Civil War, the government of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860–61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865. In the decades prior to 1860 there had been

A Confederacy of Dunces, comic novel by John Kennedy Toole, published in 1980. “When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him.” The quote is by the satirist Jonathan Swift, and the unlikely genius at the center of Toole’s

flag of the United States of America: On May 1, 1863, the Confederacy adopted its first official national flag, often called the Stainless Banner. A modification of that design was adopted on March 4, 1865, about a month before the end of the war. In the latter part of the 20th century, many groups in the South…

Richard Brautigan: Brautigan’s first published novel, A Confederate General from Big Sur (1964), received little notice. Trout Fishing in America (1967), his second novel, became his best-known work. Rife with allusions to acknowledged American literary masters such as Henry David Thoreau and Ernest Hemingway and rich with references to early American…

Confederate States of America, in the American Civil War, the government of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860–61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865. In the decades prior to 1860 there had been

national flag consisting of seven white stars on a blue canton with a field of three alternating stripes, two red and one white. The stars represent the seven seceded states of the U.S. Deep South. As many as eight more stars were later added to represent states admitted to or claimed by the

English Civil Wars: Conflicts in Scotland and Ireland: …civil war (also called the Confederate Wars). Between 1642 and 1649, the Irish Confederates, with their capital at Kilkenny, directed the Catholic war effort, while James Butler, earl of Ormonde, commanded the king’s Protestant armies. In September 1643, the two sides concluded a cease-fire, but they failed to negotiate a…

Yakama, North American Indian tribe that lived along the Columbia, Yakima, and Wenatchee rivers in what is now the south-central region of the U.S. state of Washington. As with many other Sahaptin-speaking Plateau Indians, the Yakama were primarily salmon fishers before colonization. In the early

Bolivia: Foundation and early national period: …short-lived government known as the Confederation (1836–39). A combined force of Chileans and nationalistic Peruvians destroyed the Confederation, however, and Bolivia quickly turned in upon itself, abandoning further thoughts of regional dominance.

confederation, primarily any league or union of people or bodies of people. The term in modern political use is generally confined to a permanent union of sovereign states for certain common purposes—e.g., the German Confederation established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The distinction

football: Africa: …on Africa slipping away, the Confédération Africaine de Football (CAF) was established in February 1957 in Khartoum, Sudan, with the first African Cup of Nations tournament also played at that time. Independent African states encouraged football as a means of forging a national identity and generating international recognition.

Charlottetown: …is the site of the Confederation Centre of the Arts, which was opened in 1964 as Canada’s national memorial to the Fathers of the Confederation. The Centre houses an art gallery, a theatre, and a library-museum and is the focus of the city’s summer festival.

Moise Tshombe: …1959 he became president of Conakat (Confédération des Associations Tribales du Katanga), a political party that was supported by Tshombe’s ethnic group, the powerful Lunda, and by the Belgian mining monopoly Union Minière du Haut Katanga, which controlled the province’s rich copper mines. At a conference called by the Belgian…

French Democratic Confederation of Labour, French trade union federation that evolved from the French Confederation of Christian Workers (Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens, or CFTC). Drawing some of its principles from the Roman Catholic church when it was founded in 1919, the CFTC

French Confederation of Christian Workers, French labour-union federation that was founded in 1919 by Roman Catholic workers who opposed both the syndicalist and communist movements of the day. The confederation, based on Catholic social and anti-Marxist principles, rejected the theory of class

General Confederation of Labour, French labour union federation. Formed in 1895, the CGT united in 1902 with the syndicalist-oriented Federation of Labour Exchanges (Fédération des Bourses du Travail). In its early years the CGT was racked by ideological divisions between socialist, syndicalist

General Confederation of Labour: …unions responded by forming the Unitary General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire; CGTU), whose politics came to be dominated by Moscow. The CGTU rejoined the CGT in 1936 when communist parties and unions formed popular fronts with socialist organizations in joint opposition of fascism. By supporting the…

General Confederation of Labour–Workers’ Force, French labour-union federation that is most influential among white-collar civil servants and clerical workers. It was formed in 1948 after a split within the General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail, or CGT). In 1947 the

Confederation group, Canadian English-language poets of the late 19th century whose work expressed the national consciousness inspired by the Confederation of 1867. Their transcendental and romantic praise of the Canadian landscape dominated Canadian poetry until the 20th century. The Confederation

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the world’s principal organization of national trade union federations. The ICFTU was formed in 1949 by Western trade union federations that had withdrawn from the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) after bitter disagreements with the

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), trade association representing the interests of Indian businesses in various sectors, chiefly including engineering, manufacturing, consulting, and services. The organization was founded as the Engineering and Iron Trades Association (EITA) in 1895. It

Switzerland, federated country of central Europe. Switzerland’s administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Switzerland’s small size—its total area is about half that of Scotland—and its modest population give little indication of its international significance. A

Articles of Confederation, first U.S. constitution (1781–89), which served as a bridge between the initial government by the Continental Congress of the Revolutionary period and the federal government provided under the U.S. Constitution of 1787. Because the experience of overbearing British

General Italian Confederation of Labour , Italy’s largest trade-union federation. It was organized in Rome in 1944 as a nationwide labour federation to replace the dissolved Fascist syndicates. Its founders, who included communists, social democrats, and Christian Democrats, intended it to be the

Italian Confederation of Workers’ Unions, Italy’s second largest trade union federation. The CISL was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Free General Italian Confederation of Labour (Libera Confederazione Generale Italiana dei Lavoratori) and the Italian Federation of Labour (Federazione Italiana

Paul Nougé: Nougé’s celebrated La Conférence de Charleroi (1929; “Charleroi Lecture”) was devoted to music but outlined his aesthetic theory. Rejecting the limitations of Modernism and formalism, as well as the dictates of politics, Nougé proposed an art that would liberate through the transformative power of language. Histoire de…

diplomacy: Conference diplomacy and the impact of democratization: After three decades Europe reverted to conference diplomacy at the foreign ministerial level. The Congress of Paris of 1856 not only ended the Crimean War but also resulted in the codification of a significant amount of international law.…

World Disarmament Conference, conference convened in Geneva in 1932–34 and attended by delegates of more than 60 countries for the purpose of disarmament. The conference ended without resolution. The conference was among the international initiatives that came about as a response to the devastation

International System of Units: Adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960, it is abbreviated SI in all languages.

Staten Island: The Billopp, or Conference, House in Tottenville was the scene (September 11, 1776) of talks between representatives of the Continental Congress and the British in an unsuccessful attempt at reconciliation during the American Revolution. In 1898 Staten Island, as Richmond, became one of New York City’s…

Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār: …the well-known Manṭeq al-ṭayr (The Conference of the Birds). This is an allegorical poem describing the quest of the birds (i.e., Sufis) for the mythical Sīmorgh, or Phoenix, whom they wish to make their king (i.e., God). In the final scene the birds that have survived the journey approach…

pear: History and types: …England and the Netherlands is Conference. Common Italian varieties include Curato, Coscia, and Passe Crassane, the latter also being popular in France. In Asian countries the pear crop comprises primarily local varieties of native species, such as the Asian, or Chinese, pear (P. pyrifolia).

ship: The liner trade: …provide such service through the liner conference system, which was first used on the Britain-Calcutta trade in 1875. The object of the conference system is to regulate uneconomic competition. Shipping companies of different ownership and nationality that service the same range of ports form a conference agreement to regulate rates…

Christianity: Eastern Christianity: …Collations of the Fathers, or Conferences. Gregory of Nyssa, the younger brother of St. Basil the Great, sketched out a model for progress in the mystical path in his Life of Moses and, following the example of Origen, devoted a number of homilies to a mystical interpretation of the Song…

Azorín: …“Volition”), Antonio Azorín (1903), and Las confesiones de un pequeño filósofo (1904; “The Confessions of a Minor Philosopher”), which are actually little more than impressionistic essays written in dialogue. This trilogy operated with unifying force on the Generation of ’98, however. Animated by a deep patriotism, Azorín tirelessly sought through…

Confessing Church, movement for revival within the German Protestant churches that developed during the 1930s from their resistance to Adolf Hitler’s attempt to make the churches an instrument of National Socialist (Nazi) propaganda and politics. The German Protestant tradition of close cooperation

St. Patrick: Life: The best-known passage in the Confessio tells of a dream, after his return to Britain, in which one Victoricus delivered him a letter headed “The Voice of the Irish.” As Patrick read it, he seemed to hear a certain company of Irish beseeching him to walk once more among them.…

Confessio amantis, late 14th-century poem by John Gower. The Confessio (begun about 1386) runs to some 33,000 lines in octosyllabic couplets and takes the form of a collection of exemplary tales of love placed within the framework of a lover’s confession to a priest of Venus. The priest, Genius,

Augsburg Confession, the 28 articles that constitute the basic confession of the Lutheran churches. The Augsburg Confession was presented June 25, 1530, in German and Latin at the Diet of Augsburg to the emperor Charles V by seven Lutheran princes and two imperial free cities. The principal author

Belgic Confession, statement of the Reformed faith in 37 articles written by Guido de Brès, a reformer in the southern Low Countries (now Belgium) and northern France. First printed in 1561 at Rouen, it was revised at a synod in Antwerp in 1566, was printed that same year in Geneva, and was

Bohemian Confession, Protestant doctrinal statement formulated in Bohemia by the Czech Utraquists (moderate Hussites) in 1575 and subscribed to by the Unitas Fratrum, Lutherans, and Calvinists in the kingdom. The document was based on the Augsburg Confession, and it upheld the Lutheran position on

Stanislaus Hosius: …later expanded into his celebrated Confessio catholicae fidei Christiana (“Christian Confession of Catholic Faith”), which appeared in 30 editions in his lifetime. In 1561 he was made cardinal and was appointed presiding papal legate to the Council of Trent. He was described by St. Peter Canisius as the most brilliant…

Gallican Confession, Christian statement of faith adopted in 1559 in Paris by the first National Synod of the Reformed Church of France. Based on a 35-article draft of a confession prepared by John Calvin, which he sent with representatives from Geneva to the French synod, the draft was revised by

catechism: …the Orthodox, Peter Mogila composed The Orthodox Confession of Faith. It was approved at a provincial synod in 1640 and standardized by the synod of Jerusalem in 1672. By order of the Russian tsar Peter I the Great, a smaller Orthodox catechism was prepared in 1723.

Scots Confession, first confession of faith of the Scottish Reformed Church, written primarily by John Knox and adopted by the Scottish Parliament in 1560. It was a moderate Calvinist statement of faith in 25 articles, although it stressed the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist more than

Wolfgang Fabricius Capito: …he and Bucer drafted the Confessio Tetrapolitana, the confession of faith submitted by five southern German cities to the emperor at the Diet of Augsburg.

confession, in literature, an autobiography, either real or fictitious, in which intimate and hidden details of the subject’s life are revealed. The first outstanding example of the genre was the Confessions of St. Augustine (c. ad 400), a painstaking examination of Augustine’s progress from

confession, in the Judeo-Christian tradition, the acknowledgment of sinfulness in public or private, regarded as necessary to obtain divine forgiveness. The need for confession is frequently stressed in the Hebrew Bible. The mission of the Jewish prophets was to awaken in the people a sense of

Mikhail Bakunin: Early life: …police he wrote an enigmatic Confession, which was not published until 1921. It consisted of expressions of repentance for misdeeds and abject appeals for mercy but also included some gestures of defiance, playing heavily on Bakunin’s devotion to the Slavs and hatred of the Germans—sentiments that were noted with interest…

confession, in criminal law, a statement in which a person acknowledges that he is guilty of committing one or more crimes. The term confession has been variously defined in the context of contemporary criminal justice. Some commentators understand it broadly, so as to include admissions of

Suzanne Lilar: …portugais (“The Portuguese Divertissement”) and La Confession anonyme (“The Anonymous Confession”), an intense examination of a tortured relationship between a young Belgian woman and her Italian lover. The Belgian director André Delvaux filmed this novel as Benvenuta in 1983.

Théodore-Agrippa d’ Aubigné: Among Aubigné’s prose works, the Confession catholique du sieur de Sancy, first published in 1660, is a parody, ironically dedicated to Cardinal Duperron, of the tortuous explanations offered by Protestants who followed Henry IV’s example of abjuration. His comment on life and manners ranges more widely in the Adventures du…

Émile Zola: Life: …La Confession de Claude (Claude’s Confession), a sordid, semiautobiographical tale that drew the attention of the public and the police and incurred the disapproval of Zola’s employer. Having sufficiently established his reputation as a writer to support himself and his mother, albeit meagerly, as a freelance journalist, Zola left…

confession: …in the tradition are the “confession magazines,” collections of sensational and usually purely fictional autobiographical tales popular in the mid-20th century.

Alfred de Musset: …d’un enfant du siècle (1836; The Confession of a Child of the Century), if not entirely trustworthy, presents a striking picture of Musset’s youth as a member of a noble family, well-educated but ruled by his emotions in a period when all traditional values were under attack. While still an…

Cyril Lucaris: …of Alexandria, who discovered the Confession of Faith, which had been written by Lucaris in Latin and published in Geneva in 1629. In its 18 articles Lucaris professed virtually all the major doctrines of Calvinism; predestination, justification by faith alone, acceptance of only two sacraments (instead of seven, as taught…

confession of faith, formal statement of doctrinal belief ordinarily intended for public avowal by an individual, a group, a congregation, a synod, or a church; confessions are similar to creeds, although usually more extensive. They are especially associated with the churches of the Protestant

Cyril Lucaris: …of Alexandria, who discovered the Confession of Faith, which had been written by Lucaris in Latin and published in Geneva in 1629. In its 18 articles Lucaris professed virtually all the major doctrines of Calvinism; predestination, justification by faith alone, acceptance of only two sacraments (instead of seven, as taught…

Metrophanes Kritopoulos: (1624–25), Kritopoulos wrote in Greek “Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church,” a treatise on the traditional Orthodox creed. The confession reverts to the doctrinal expressions of the early Greek Church Fathers as a basis for mutual understanding among the contending Christian communions. Thus, he emphasizes the biblical and…

confessional, in Roman Catholic churches, box cabinet or stall in which the priest sits to hear the confessions of penitents. The confessional is usually a wooden structure with a compartment (entered through a door or curtain) in which the priest sits and, on one or both sides, another compartment

Frank Bidart: …World War I, and “Confessional,” a psychiatric examination of a mother-and-son relationship. He followed the retrospective In the Western Night: Collected Poems 1965–90 (1990) with Desire (1997) and the chapbook Music Like Dirt (2002), both of which were finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. The poems of Music Like Dirt…

Germany: The Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia: …with a system of “confessional absolutism” based on rigid Catholic conformity and political authoritarianism. At the same time, the Palatinate was conquered by Spanish and Bavarian troops, and the electoral title was transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria in 1623. In the Palatinate, too, the Counter-Reformation sought to bring Protestantism…

The Dolphin: …book broke new ground in confessional poetry, and many of Lowell’s contemporaries, including his friend and fellow poet Elizabeth Bishop, were dismayed by the work’s subject matter.

Lutheranism: North America: …heir both to orthodox Lutheran confessionalism and to Pietism. The first large wave of Lutheran immigrants arrived in the 1740s, with settlements in New York, the Carolinas, and Pennsylvania. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, a German immigrant pastor, established Lutheran congregations and schools indefatigably, especially in Pennsylvania. In the 19th century, Scandinavian…

Lutheranism: Confessionalization and Orthodoxy: …16th century is known as confessionalization.

Confessions, spiritual self-examination by St. Augustine, written in Latin as Confessiones about 400 ce. The book tells of Augustine’s restless youth and of the stormy spiritual voyage that ended some 12 years before the book’s writing in the haven of the Roman Catholic Church. In reality, the work

Italian literature: The Risorgimento and after: …narrative literature is Ippolito Nievo’s Confessioni di un italiano (published posthumously in 1867; “Confessions of an Italian”; Eng. trans. The Castle of Fratta), which marks Nievo as the most important novelist to emerge in the interval between Manzoni and Giovanni Verga. Giuseppe Mazzini’s letters can still be studied with profit,…

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The last decade: The most important was his Confessions, modeled on the work of the same title by St. Augustine and achieving something of the same classic status. He also wrote Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques (1780; Rousseau, Judge of Jean-Jacques) to reply to specific charges by his enemies and Les Rêveries du promeneur…

Confessions, spiritual self-examination by St. Augustine, written in Latin as Confessiones about 400 ce. The book tells of Augustine’s restless youth and of the stormy spiritual voyage that ended some 12 years before the book’s writing in the haven of the Roman Catholic Church. In reality, the work

Usher: 8701 and Confessions: On his fourth album, Confessions (2004), he extended his range beyond ballads, collaborating most famously with Atlanta rappers Lil Jon and Ludacris on the boisterous radio-dominating single “Yeah!” Confessions eventually sold more than 10 million copies in the United States alone and earned Usher three Grammy Awards—for best contemporary…

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: …series of books beginning with Confessions of a Beachcomber (1908) that reflected, often wryly, on natural history and the advantages of the contemplative life. Jack McLaren in My Crowded Solitude (1926) was another who encountered timelessness for a time. And C.E.W. Bean found the same slow rhythms of experience out…

Chuck Barris: It was adapted into a 2002 film directed by George Clooney. Barris also wrote the novels You and Me, Babe (1974), The Big Question (2007), and Who Killed Art Deco? (2009), the serious narrative Della: A Memoir of My Daughter (2010), and Bad Grass Never Dies: More Confessions of a…

Chuck Barris: …notoriety with the publication of Confessions of a Dangerous Mind: An Unauthorized Autobiography (1984), in which he claimed that, in addition to producing game shows, he had worked as an assassin for the CIA during the 1960s. It was adapted into a 2002 film directed by George Clooney. Barris also…

Timothy Leary: Confessions of a Hope Fiend (1973) detailed his imprisonment and subsequent escape. Flashbacks: A Personal and Cultural History of an Era (1983) was a more-comprehensive autobiography.

Mishima Yukio: …novel, Kamen no kokuhaku (1949; Confessions of a Mask), is a partly autobiographical work that describes with exceptional stylistic brilliance a homosexual who must mask his sexual preferences from the society around him. The novel gained Mishima immediate acclaim, and he began to devote his full energies to writing.

James Patterson: In Confessions of a Murder Suspect (2012; with Maxine Paetro), he tailored standard thriller conventions to an adolescent audience in relating the tale of a young girl who is blamed for her parents’ murder. He established the Pageturner Awards, which gave funding to educators and libraries,…

Anatole Litvak: The Hollywood years: More topical was Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939), with Robinson as an FBI agent investigating an American Nazi organization and its leader (Paul Lukas). Litvak then made Castle on the Hudson (1940), a remake of Michael Curtiz’s 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932), with John Garfield as…

George Moore: …decadence, was his first autobiography, Confessions of a Young Man (1888).

Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, autobiographical narrative by English author Thomas De Quincey, first published in The London Magazine in two parts in 1821, then as a book, with an appendix, in 1822. The avowed purpose of the first version of the Confessions was to warn the reader of the

Gregory Maguire: These adult-oriented works included Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister (1999), Lost (2001), Mirror Mirror (2003), and the Wicked sequels Son of a Witch (2005), A Lion Among Men (2008), and Out of Oz (2011), the final book in the Wicked Years series. His later books included

The Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man, novel by Thomas Mann, originally published in German as Die Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull in 1954; the first few chapters were published in 1922 as a short story. The novel, which was unfinished at Mann’s death, is the story of a

Japanese literature: Kamakura period (1192–1333): …of travel is the superb Towazu-gatari (c. 1307; “A Story Nobody Asked For”; Eng. trans. The Confessions of Lady Nijō) by Lady Nijō, a work (discovered only in 1940) that provides a final moment of glory to the long tradition of introspective writing by women at court.

Uno Chiyo: …the novel Iro zange (1935; Confessions of Love), a vivid, widely popular account of the love affairs of a male artist. The character was based on the painter Tōgō Seiji, well known in Tokyo for having attempted suicide with a lover; Uno had a five-year relationship with him after her…

The Confessions of Nat Turner, novel by William Styron, published in 1967 and awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1968. A fictional account of the Virginia slave revolt of 1831, the novel is narrated by the leader of the rebellion. Styron based The Confessions of Nat Turner on a pamphlet of

Confessions, spiritual self-examination by St. Augustine, written in Latin as Confessiones about 400 ce. The book tells of Augustine’s restless youth and of the stormy spiritual voyage that ended some 12 years before the book’s writing in the haven of the Roman Catholic Church. In reality, the work

Italo Svevo: …became his most famous novel, La coscienza di Zeno (1923; Confessions of Zeno), a brilliant work in the form of a patient’s statement for his psychiatrist. Published at Svevo’s own expense, as were his other works, this novel was also a failure, until a few years later, when Joyce gave…

Book of Confessions, compilation of creeds and confessions that was prepared by a committee of the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. and was adopted by that church in 1967. It includes the Nicene Creed, the Apostles’ Creed, the Scots Confession (1560), the Heidelberg Catechism (1562), the

Paul Verlaine: Life.: …his “conversion” in 1874; and Confessions, notes autobiographiques helped attract notice to ill-recognized contemporaries as well as to himself (he was instrumental in publishing Rimbaud’s Illuminations in 1886 and making him famous). There is little of lasting value, however, in the rest of the verse and prose that Verlaine turned…

confidante, type of sofa that has a seat at each end separated from the main seat by an upholstered arm. This form was first used in France in the mid-18th century and was subsequently introduced into England. George Hepplewhite illustrated one in Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer’s Guide (1788). The

confidence game, any elaborate swindling operation in which advantage is taken of the confidence the victim reposes in the swindler. Some countries have created a statutory offense of this name, though the elements of the crime have never been clearly defined by legislation, and the scope of

confidence interval, in statistics, a range of values providing the estimate of an unknown parameter of a population. A confidence interval uses a percentage level, often 95 percent, to indicate the degree of uncertainty of its construction. This percentage, known as the level of confidence, refers

chemical analysis: Evaluation of results: Confidence limits at a given probability level are values greater than and less than the average, between which the results are statistically expected to fall a given percentage of the time.

confidence game, any elaborate swindling operation in which advantage is taken of the confidence the victim reposes in the swindler. Some countries have created a statutory offense of this name, though the elements of the crime have never been clearly defined by legislation, and the scope of

vote of confidence, procedure used by members of a legislative body (generally the lower house in a bicameral system) to remove a government (the prime minister and his cabinet) from office. To be successful, the procedure, which does not apply to the removal of heads of state in presidential and

confidence-building measure, in international relations, an action that reflects goodwill toward or a willingness to exchange information with an adversary. The purpose of such measures is to decrease misunderstanding, tension, fear, anxiety, and conflict between two or more parties by emphasizing

The Confidence-Man, satirical allegory by Herman Melville, published in 1857. This novel was the last to be published during Melville’s lifetime, and it reveals the author’s pessimistic view of an America grown tawdry through greed, self-delusion, and lack of charity. Set on a steamboat traveling

The Confidence-Man, satirical allegory by Herman Melville, published in 1857. This novel was the last to be published during Melville’s lifetime, and it reveals the author’s pessimistic view of an America grown tawdry through greed, self-delusion, and lack of charity. Set on a steamboat traveling

T.S. Eliot: Later poetry and plays of T.S. Eliot: …The Cocktail Party in 1949, The Confidential Clerk in 1953, and The Elder Statesman in 1958. These plays are comedies in which the plots are derived from Greek drama. In them Eliot accepted current theatrical conventions at their most conventional, subduing his style to a conversational level and eschewing the…

privileged communication, in law, communication between persons who have a special duty of fidelity and secrecy toward each other. Communications between attorney and client are privileged and do not have to be disclosed to the court. However, in the wake of terrorist attacks against the United

Charles Stark Draper: The Instruments Laboratory (I-Lab), which he founded in 1934, became a centre for both academic and commercial research, a combination that was not unusual at the time. It was through the I-Lab that Draper established a relationship with the Sperry Gyroscope Company (now part of Unisys…