Stephen Dobyns: Dobyns’s first collection of poetry, Concurring Beasts, appeared in 1971. The following year he published the novel A Man of Little Evils, and from that point on he alternated between poetry and fiction, publishing roughly a book a year. His subsequent poetry volumes include Griffon (1976), Heat Death (1980), Black…

Alec Baldwin: 30 Rock, SNL, and later films: Baldwin later appeared in Concussion (2015), about head injuries in football; Spike Lee’s BlacKkKlansman (2018), a satire about a Black police officer who infiltrated a Ku Klux Klan chapter in the 1970s; and Motherless Brooklyn (2019), a crime drama adapted from the novel by Jonathan Lethem. Baldwin also lent…

concussion, a temporary loss of brain function typically resulting from a relatively mild injury to the brain, not necessarily associated with unconsciousness. Concussion is among the most commonly occurring forms of traumatic brain injury and is sometimes referred to as mild traumatic brain injury

percussion instrument: Idiophones: Concussion instruments, consisting of two similar components struck together, include clappers, concussion stones, castanets, and cymbals. Percussion idiophones, instruments struck by a nonsonorous striker, form a large subgroup, including triangles and simple percussion sticks; percussion beams, such as the semanterion;

percussion instrument: Idiophones: Concussion sticks are clashed by an Aboriginal Australian singer to lend emphasis. The Maori of New Zealand breathe words of a song onto a carved stick held between their teeth while tapping it with a second stick. In Hawaii concussion stones were held pairwise by…

percussion instrument: Idiophones: In Hawaii concussion stones were held pairwise by dancers who clicked them together like castanets. In Papua New Guinea log xylophones are played, consisting of two banana stems or other logs placed on the ground with a few keys placed across them.

Charles-Marie de La Condamine was a French naturalist, mathematician, and adventurer who accomplished the first scientific exploration of the Amazon River. After finishing his basic education in Paris, La Condamine embarked on a military career. He left the army for a brief stint (1730–31) of

Monaco: …the old town is located; La Condamine, the business district on the west of the bay, with its natural harbour; Monte-Carlo, including the gambling casino; and the newer zone of Fontvieille, in which various light industries have developed.

Robert Bresson: In Un Condamme à mort s’est échappé (1956; A Man Escaped), based on the director’s own wartime experiences, his no-frills approach was articulated by the opening title: “This story actually happened. I have set it down without embellishments.” Emulating his literary idols, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Georges…

Millau, town, Aveyron département, Midi-Pyrénées région, southern France. It lies in the Grands-Causses plateau region (and regional park), at the confluence of the Tarn and Dourbie rivers, southeast of Rodez on the northwestern edge of the Causses du Larzac. In pre-Roman times it was Condatomag, a

Spanish literature: Women poets: Carmen Conde Abellán, a socialist and Republican supporter, suffered postwar “internal exile” in Spain while her husband was a political prisoner. She was contemporaneous with and involved in Surrealism, Ultraism, and prewar experimentation with prose poems, but she is rarely included with the Generation of…

Condé family, important French branch of the house of Bourbon, whose members played a significant role in French dynastic politics. The line began with Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé (1530–69), a military leader of the Huguenots in France’s Wars of Religion. The family’s most prominent member

Newhouse family: In 1959 he acquired Condé Nast Publications, which printed such magazines as Vogue, Glamour, and House & Garden. With his purchase (1962) of the Times-Picayune Publishing Company, which printed both of the major newspapers in New Orleans, Newhouse owned more papers than any other American publisher. In 1967 he…

Guinea: Conté’s death, 2008 military coup, and 2010 elections: …vote, and veteran opposition leader Alpha Condé of the Rally of the Guinean People (Rassemblement du Peuple Guinéen; RPG), who received 18 percent—progressed to a runoff election. After some delay, the second round of voting was finally held on November 7, 2010. Provisional results, which were announced more than a…

Henri I de Bourbon, 2e prince de Condé was a prince of Condé who continued the leadership of the Huguenots begun by his father, Louis I de Bourbon, 1st prince of Condé. His father’s death left him and his cousin Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV) as titular leaders of the Huguenots. After the

Henri II de Bourbon, 3e prince de Condé was a premier prince of the blood (posthumous son of the 2nd prince of Condé) who became estranged from Henry IV but reconciled to his successor Louis XIII. His mother, the princess de Condé (La Trémoille), was accused of having poisoned her husband, and

Henri-Jules de Bourbon, 5e prince de Condé was the 5th prince de Condé, the eldest son of the Great Condé (the 4th prince), whom he accompanied on military campaigns. Known from 1646 as the Duc d’Enghien, he was taken to and fro by his mother during the Fronde and eventually into exile with his

François VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld: Heritage and political activities: His loyalty to the house of Condé did not increase his popularity with the crown and prevented him from pursuing any single policy for reform of royal or ministerial government. How far toward treason he allowed himself to be led, when the intentions of the reforming princes and nobility…

Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé was a military leader of the Huguenots in the first decade of France’s Wars of Religion. He was the leading adult prince of the French blood royal on the Huguenot side (apart from the king of Navarre). Louis de Bourbon was the hunchback youngest son of Charles,

Louis II de Bourbon, 4e prince de Condé was the leader of the last of the series of aristocratic uprisings in France known as the Fronde (1648–53). He later became one of King Louis XIV’s greatest generals. The princes de Condé were the heads of an important French branch of the House of Bourbon.

Louis III, 6e prince de Condé was a prince of Condé who distinguished himself in the Dutch Wars. He was the 5th prince’s second son and eventual successor. He was short, with an enormous head and a yellow complexion, and was notoriously malevolent and offensive. In 1685 he was married to one of

Louis III, 6e prince de Condé was a prince of Condé who distinguished himself in the Dutch Wars. He was the 5th prince’s second son and eventual successor. He was short, with an enormous head and a yellow complexion, and was notoriously malevolent and offensive. In 1685 he was married to one of

Louis-Henri, 7e prince de Condé was the chief minister of King Louis XV (ruled 1715–74) from 1723 until 1726. Condé was the son of Louis III de Condé and Mademoiselle de Nantes, an illegitimate daughter of King Louis XIV. After the death of Louis XIV on Sept. 1, 1715, Condé became duc de Bourbon

Louis-Henri-Joseph, 9e prince de Condé was the last of the princes of Condé, whose unfortunate son and sole heir, the Duc d’Enghien, was tried and shot for treason on Napoleon’s orders in 1804, ending the princely line. The 9th Prince of Condé was married in 1770 to Louise-Marie-Thérèse d’Orléans

Louis-Joseph, 8e prince de Condé was one of the princely émigrés during the French Revolution. He was the only son of the Duc de Bourbon and Charlotte of Hesse and assumed the Condé title on his father’s death (1740). In 1753 he married Godefride de Rohan-Soubise (d. 1760). Brought up for the army,

Maryse Condé was a Guadeloupian author of epic historical fiction, much of it based in Africa. Condé wrote her first novel at the age of 11. In the politically turbulent years between 1960 and 1968, she taught in Guinea, Ghana, and Senegal. She studied at the Sorbonne in Paris (M.A., Ph.D., 1975).

Henry Condell was an English actor who was one of the chief movers in sponsoring and preparing the First Folio of 1623, the first collection of William Shakespeare’s plays. Condell and John Heminge jointly signed the letters to the noble patrons and “the great variety of readers” that preface the

eminent domain, power of government to take private property for public use without the owner’s consent. Constitutional provisions in most countries require the payment of compensation to the owner. In countries with unwritten constitutions, such as the United Kingdom, the supremacy of Parliament

morality play: …is Nicolas de la Chesnaye’s Condemnation des banquets (1507), which argues for moderation by showing the bad end that awaits a company of unrepentant revelers, including Gluttony and Watering Mouth. Among the oldest of morality plays surviving in English is The Castle of Perseverance (c. 1425), about the battle for…

Tirso de Molina: …El condenado por desconfiado (1635; The Doubted Damned). The first introduced into literature the hero-villain Don Juan, a libertine whom Tirso derived from popular legends but recreated with originality. The figure of Don Juan subsequently became one of the most famous in all literature through Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s opera Don…

condensation, deposition of a liquid or a solid from its vapour, generally upon a surface that is cooler than the adjacent gas. A substance condenses when the pressure exerted by its vapour exceeds the vapour pressure of the liquid or solid phase of the substance at the temperature of the surface

Sigmund Freud: The interpretation of dreams: The first of these activities, condensation, operates through the fusion of several different elements into one. As such, it exemplifies one of the key operations of psychic life, which Freud called overdetermination. No direct correspondence between a simple manifest content and its multidimensional latent counterpart can be assumed. The second…

tornado: Funnel clouds: Commonly called the condensation funnel, the funnel cloud is a tapered column of water droplets that extends downward from the base of the parent cloud. It is commonly mixed with and perhaps enveloped by dust and debris lifted from the surface. The funnel cloud may be present but…

hygrometer: Dew-point hygrometers typically consist of a polished metal mirror that is cooled at a constant pressure and constant vapour content until moisture just starts to condense on it. The temperature of the metal at which condensation begins is the dew point.

condensation nucleus, tiny suspended particle, either solid or liquid, upon which water vapour condensation begins in the atmosphere. Its diameter may range from a few microns to a few tenths of a micron (one micron equals 10-4 centimetre). There are much smaller nuclei in the atmosphere, called

major industrial polymers: Polyimides: …two categories of these polymers, condensation and addition. The former are made by step-growth polymerization and are linear in structure; the latter are synthesized by heat-activated addition polymerization of diimides and have a network structure.

monomer: Condensation polymerizations are typical of monomers containing two or more reactive atomic groupings; for example, a compound that is both an alcohol and an acid can undergo repetitive ester formation involving the alcohol group of each molecule with the acid group of the next, to…

condensation reaction, any of a class of reactions in which two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with elimination of water or some other simple molecule. The combination of two identical molecules is known as self-condensation. Aldehydes, ketones, esters, alkynes

contrail, streamer of cloud sometimes observed behind an airplane flying in clear cold humid air. A contrail forms when water vapour produced by the combustion of fuel in airplane engines condenses upon soot particles or sulfur aerosols in the plane’s exhaust. When the ambient relative humidity is

carbon group element: Crystal structure: …from solid to gas), and vaporization (change from liquid to gas) among these four elements, with increasing atomic number and atomic size, indicate a parallel weakening of the covalent bonds in this type of structure. The actual or probable arrangement of valence electrons is often impossible to determine, and, instead,…

cluster: …free-molecule character of gases, the condensed phases of matter—as liquids, crystalline solids, and glasses are called—depend for their properties on the constant proximity of all their constituent atoms. The extent to which the identities of the molecular constituents are maintained varies widely in these condensed forms of matter. Weakly bound…

dairy product: Condensed and dried milk: Whole, low-fat, and skim milks, as well as whey and other dairy liquids, can be efficiently concentrated by the removal of water, using heat under vacuum. Since reducing atmospheric pressure lowers the temperature at which liquids boil,…

phase: Binary systems: …form it is called the condensed phase rule, for any gas phase is either condensed to a liquid or is present in negligible amounts. The phase diagram shows a vertical temperature coordinate and a horizontal compositional coordinate (ranging from pure CaSiTiO5 at the left to pure CaAl2Si2O8 at the right).

tannin: Condensed tannins, the larger group, form insoluble precipitates called tanner’s reds, or phlobaphenes. Among the important condensed tannins are the extracts from the wood or bark of quebracho (Schinopsis), mangrove (various genera and species), and wattle (Acacia).

condensed-matter physics, discipline that treats the thermal, elastic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of solid and liquid substances. Condensed-matter physics grew at an explosive rate during the second half of the 20th century, and it has scored numerous important scientific and

condenser, device for reducing a gas or vapour to a liquid. Condensers are employed in power plants to condense exhaust steam from turbines and in refrigeration plants to condense refrigerant vapours, such as ammonia and fluorinated hydrocarbons. The petroleum and chemical industries employ

enlarger: …of optical system is the condenser, a system of lenses that focus the beam of light through the film and toward the enlarging lens. Another type is the diffuser, which scatters the light from the bulb so that it falls evenly across the film. Light sources and optical systems are…

capacitor, device for storing electrical energy, consisting of two conductors in close proximity and insulated from each other. A simple example of such a storage device is the parallel-plate capacitor. If positive charges with total charge +Q are deposited on one of the conductors and an equal

microphone: microphone), in electrostatic capacitance (condenser microphone), in the motion of a coil (dynamic microphone) or conductor (ribbon microphone) in a magnetic field, or in the twisting or bending of a piezoelectric crystal (crystal microphone). In each case, motion of the diaphragm produces a variation in the electric output. By…

turbine: Condensing and noncondensing turbines: Steam turbines are often divided into two types: condensing and noncondensing. In devices of the first type, steam is condensed at below atmospheric pressure so as to gain the maximum amount of energy from it. In noncondensing turbines, steam leaves the…

Tom Roberts: Later he joined Charles Conder and Arthur Streeton in the Eaglemont camp, where his influence on his fellow artists culminated in the historic nine-inch-by-five-inch Impression Exhibition of 1889—a showing in Melbourne of Impressionist landscapes painted on the lids of cedar cigar boxes. In spite of the tide of…

Japanese architecture: The modern period: The English architect and designer Josiah Conder (1852–1920) arrived in Japan in 1877. His eclectic tastes included adaptations of a number of European styles, and the work of his Japanese students was significant through the second decade of the 20th century. The Bank of Japan (1890–96) and Tokyo Station (1914),…

Louis Sullivan: Later work of Louis Sullivan: His 12-story Bayard (now Condict) Building in New York City was embellished with molded terra-cotta and cast-iron ornament.

Roman law: Delict and contract: …in which an action (condictio) was allowed for the recovery by A from B of what would otherwise be an unjustified enrichment of B at A’s expense, such as when A had mistakenly paid B something that was not due (condictio indebiti). This notion of unjust enrichment as a…

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac was a philosopher, psychologist, logician, economist, and the leading advocate in France of the ideas of John Locke (1632–1704). Ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1740, Condillac began a lifelong friendship in the same year with the philosopher J.-J. Rousseau, employed

mustard: As a condiment, mustard is sold in three forms: as seeds, as dry powder that is freshly mixed with water for each serving to obtain the most aroma and flavour, and prepared as a paste with other spices or herbs, vinegar or wine, and starch or flour…

insurance: Conditions: Homeowner’s policies may include the following conditions: (1) Owners are required to give immediate written notice of loss to the insurer or the insurer’s agent. (2) The insured must provide proof of the amount of loss. This suggests that owners should keep accurate records…

condition, in logic, a stipulation, or provision, that needs to be satisfied; also, something that must exist or be the case or happen in order for something else to do so (as in “the will to live is a condition for survival”). In logic, a sentence or proposition of the form “If A then B” [in

André Malraux: Life: …in 1930, and the masterpiece La Condition humaine in 1933 (awarded the Prix Goncourt) established his reputation as a leading French novelist and a charismatic, politically committed intellectual. Though he captivated Paris with his exceptional intelligence, lyrical prose, astonishing memory, and breadth of knowledge, it was not generally appreciated that…

Marxism: The contributions of Engels: …arbeitenden Klassen in England (The Condition of the Working Class in England), published in 1845 in Leipzig. This work was an analysis of the evolution of industrial capitalism and its social consequences. He collaborated with Marx in the writing of The Holy Family, The German Ideology, and The Communist…

Jean-François Lyotard: …best-known and most influential work, The Postmodern Condition (1979), Lyotard characterized the postmodern era as one that has lost faith in all grand, totalizing “metanarratives”—the abstract ideas in terms of which thinkers since the time of the Enlightenment have attempted to construct comprehensive explanations of historical experience. Disillusioned with the…

Analytical Engine: …control transfer, also known as conditional branching, whereby it would be able to jump to a different instruction depending on the value of some data. This extremely powerful feature was missing in many of the early computers of the 20th century.

Analytical Engine: …control transfer, also known as conditional branching, whereby it would be able to jump to a different instruction depending on the value of some data. This extremely powerful feature was missing in many of the early computers of the 20th century.

Romance languages: Conditional clauses: One area of syntax in which the Romance languages vary widely in the extent to which they retain and in the manner in which they replace the Latin subjunctive is that of past-tense hypothetical conditional clauses. The Latin formula si habuissem dedissem ‘if…

Analytical Engine: …control transfer, also known as conditional branching, whereby it would be able to jump to a different instruction depending on the value of some data. This extremely powerful feature was missing in many of the early computers of the 20th century.

probability theory: Variance: (compare equation (4)), and the conditional expectation of Y given X = xi is

Daniel L. McFadden: In 1974 he developed conditional logit analysis—a method for determining how individuals will choose between finite alternatives in order to maximize their utility. Through the analysis of discrete choice (i.e., the choices made between a finite set of decision alternatives), McFadden’s work helped predict usage rates for public transportation…

probability theory: Variance: (compare equation (4)), and the conditional expectation of Y given X = xi is

Romance languages: The survival of verbal inflection: …cantāverō) as both future and conditional.

international trade: The most-favoured-nation clause: The conditional form of the clause may at first sight seem more equitable. But it has the major drawback of being liable to raise a dispute each time it is invoked, for it is by no means easy for a country to evaluate the compensation it…

pardon: …pardon may be full or conditional. It is conditional when its effectiveness depends on fulfillment of a condition by the offender, usually a lesser punishment, as in the commutation of the death sentence.

conditional probability, the probability that an event occurs given the knowledge that another event has occurred. Understanding conditional probability is necessary to accurately calculate probability when dealing with dependent events. Dependent events can be contrasted with independent events. A

categorical proposition: …connections, they contrast especially with hypothetical propositions, such as “If every man is mortal, then Socrates is mortal.”

thought: Deduction: In conditional reasoning the reasoner must draw a conclusion based on a conditional, or “if…then,” proposition. For example, from the conditional proposition “if today is Monday, then I will attend cooking class today” and the categorical (declarative) proposition “today is Monday,” one can infer the conclusion,…

conditioning: …hearing this sound is the conditioned response (CR). The strength of conditioning is measured in terms of the number of drops of saliva the dog secretes during test trials in which food powder is omitted after the bell has rung. The dog’s original response of salivation upon the introduction of…

business finance: Conditional sales contracts: Conditional sales contracts represent a common method of obtaining equipment by agreeing to pay for it in installments over a period of up to five years. The seller of the equipment continues to hold title to the equipment until payment has been…

categorical proposition: …connections, they contrast especially with hypothetical propositions, such as “If every man is mortal, then Socrates is mortal.”

animal behaviour: Instinctive learning: …to associate a novel (conditioned) stimulus with a familiar (unconditioned) one. For example, in his study of classical conditioning, Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov demonstrated that by consistently exposing a dog to a particular sound (novel stimulus) and simultaneously placing meat powder (familiar stimulus) in its mouth the dog…

William K. Estes: …with whom he developed the conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm, a method of studying conditioned animal behaviours. In their landmark 1941 study, rats were repeatedly given food (a naturally positive stimulus) after pressing a lever. Eventually, an electric shock was applied immediately after the food presentation, which caused the lever…

paticca-samuppada, the chain, or law, of dependent origination, or the chain of causation—a fundamental concept of Buddhism describing the causes of suffering (dukkha; Sanskrit duhkha) and the course of events that lead a being through rebirth, old age, and death. Existence is seen as an

conditioning: …hearing this sound is the conditioned response (CR). The strength of conditioning is measured in terms of the number of drops of saliva the dog secretes during test trials in which food powder is omitted after the bell has rung. The dog’s original response of salivation upon the introduction of…

motivation: Instrumental learning: Furthermore, through a process called conditioned reinforcement, neutral stimuli associated with a reinforcer can become reinforcers in their own right. These stimuli can then be used to motivate behaviour. Perhaps the most common example of a conditioned reinforcer is money. A piece of paper with numbers and intricate drawings on…

conditioning: …hearing this sound is the conditioned response (CR). The strength of conditioning is measured in terms of the number of drops of saliva the dog secretes during test trials in which food powder is omitted after the bell has rung. The dog’s original response of salivation upon the introduction of…

animal behaviour: Instinctive learning: …to associate a novel (conditioned) stimulus with a familiar (unconditioned) one. For example, in his study of classical conditioning, Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov demonstrated that by consistently exposing a dog to a particular sound (novel stimulus) and simultaneously placing meat powder (familiar stimulus) in its mouth the dog…

conditioning, in physiology, a behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment as a result of reinforcement, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward for a desired response. Early in the 20th century, through the study of

industrial glass: The conditioning chamber: …or bridge wall, into the conditioning chamber, where temperatures are held at about 1,300° C (2,375° F). Here the fine bubbles are removed by being dissolved back into the glass. In addition, the glass is homogenized by diffusive mixing. In order to ensure that the composition of the melt is…

exercise: Physical conditioning refers to the development of physical fitness through the adaptation of the body and its various systems to an exercise program.

Michelangelo: …and arranged for his assistant Ascanio Condivi to write a brief separate book (1553); probably based on the artist’s own spoken comments, this account shows him as he wished to appear. After Michelangelo’s death, Vasari in a second edition (1568) offered a rebuttal. While scholars have often preferred the authority…

condom, contraceptive and prophylactic device consisting of a sheath that fits over the penis or inside the vagina and that is intended to prevent the entry of semen into the vagina and to protect against the exchange of sexually transmitted diseases acquired through various means of sexual

condominium, in modern property law, the individual ownership of one dwelling unit within a multidwelling building, with an undivided ownership interest in the land and other components of the building shared in common with other owners of dwelling units in the building. The condominium as a type

ʿAbd Allāh: …Egyptians and Sudanese resented the Condominium Agreement of January 1899, by which the Sudan became almost a British protectorate, and ʿAbd Allāh hoped to rally support. But on Nov. 24, 1899, a British force engaged the Mahdist remnants, and ʿAbd Allāh died in the fighting.

Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, the joint British and Egyptian government that ruled the eastern Sudan from 1899 to 1955. It was established by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreements of January 19 and July 10, 1899, and, with some later modifications, lasted until the formation of the sovereign,

Edward U. Condon: …saucers, from which grew the Condon report, The Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects (1969).

Bud Freeman: …the company of ex-Chicagoans, especially Eddie Condon, in whose band Freeman recorded a noted solo, “The Eel” (1933). By then he had developed a fluent, romantic style featuring sinuous legato melodies. His tenor saxophone sound was especially distinctive—full and smooth, with a rough edge and a large vibrato—and he played…

Edward U. Condon was an American physicist for whom the Franck-Condon principle was named and who applied quantum mechanics to an understanding of the atom and its nucleus. During World War II Condon made valuable contributions to the development of both atomic energy and radar. In 1943 he helped

Edward U. Condon was an American physicist for whom the Franck-Condon principle was named and who applied quantum mechanics to an understanding of the atom and its nucleus. During World War II Condon made valuable contributions to the development of both atomic energy and radar. In 1943 he helped

condor, either of two large New World vultures—the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) and the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)—that are two of the largest flying birds. Wingspans up to 3.2 metres (10.5 feet) have been reported for male Andean condors, and adult California condors typically

William Hurt: Humans, Trial, Goliath, and Condor.

Condor Legion, a unit of the German air force, or Luftwaffe, detailed by Hermann Göring for special duty with General Francisco Franco’s Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). It was sent to Franco on the condition that it stay under German command. The Legion consisted of four