concerto grosso, common type of orchestral music of the Baroque era (c. 1600–c. 1750), characterized by contrast between a small group of soloists (soli, concertino, principale) and the full orchestra (tutti, concerto grosso, ripieno). The titles of early concerti grossi often reflected their

Bohuslav Martinů: Of his later works, the Concerto grosso for chamber orchestra (1941) uses the alternation between soloists and full orchestra found in the Baroque concerto grosso and shows Martinů’s skill in polyphonic writing. The Double Concerto for two string orchestras (1940) is a powerful work expressing Czech suffering after the partition…

concerto: Role of the piano: Thus, Mozart’s popular Concerto in A Major, K. 488, begins with an extended orchestral tutti without soloist, after which the solo piano enters on a restatement of the main theme, lightly and intermittently accompanied by the strings alone. Another tutti, this time short, leads into a modulatory (key-changing)…

Oboe Concerto, three-movement concerto for oboe and small orchestra, one of the last works written by German composer Richard Strauss. It was completed in 1945, and Strauss revised the ending in 1948; most musicians prefer the earlier ending. The piece was inspired by John de Lancie, an American

George Gershwin: Other works for orchestra: …actually was!” The resulting work, Concerto in F (1925), was Gershwin’s lengthiest composition and was divided into three traditional concerto movements. The first movement loosely follows a sonata structure of exposition, development, and recapitulation, and it appropriates themes and rhythms from the popular “Charleston.” The second movement—the “high water mark…

concerto, since about 1750, a musical composition for instruments in which a solo instrument is set off against an orchestral ensemble. The soloist and ensemble are related to each other by alternation, competition, and combination. In this sense the concerto, like the symphony or the string

musical performance: The 19th century: …in a sense by the Concerts of Antient Music (1776–1848) in London. The stated policy of this musical group was not to perform music less than 20 years old (but they often updated the compositions with added brass parts). The revival of interest in the music of Giovanni Pierluigi da…

Konzertstück, musical composition for solo instrument and orchestra, usually in one movement, less frequently in several movements played without pause. The genre arose in the early Romantic era (c. 1800) as an offshoot of the concerto. Frequently written in free musical form, it typically includes

Konzertstück, Op. 86, concerto in three movements by German composer Robert Schumann, noted for its expressive, lyrical quality and harmonic innovation. It was written in 1849 and premiered on February 25, 1850, in Leipzig, Saxony (now in Germany). The work is a rare showpiece for the horn,

investment bank: …in price (known as a concession), which reimburses the dealer for his expenses and is meant to provide him with a profit.

American football: Roots in soccer and rugby: …two schools agreed on “concessionary rules” that were chiefly Harvard’s. When spectators (including Princeton students) as well as Yale players saw the advantages of the rugby style, the stage was set for a meeting in 1876 of representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia to form a new Intercollegiate…

conch, marine snail, of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda), in which the outer whorl of the shell is broadly triangular in outline and has a wide lip, often jutting toward the apex. Conch meat is harvested and consumed by people in Caribbean countries. It is exported to the United

auricle: …in the auricle, called the concha, leads to the external auditory canal or meatus. The one portion of the auricle that has no cartilage is the lobule—the fleshy lower part of the auricle. The auricle has several small basic muscles that connect it to the skull and scalp. Generally nonfunctional…

Donostia–San Sebastián: …to the broad beaches on La Concha bay, site of the famous regattas that take place on the Feast of St. Sebastian (January 20). In the old town are the Gothic church of San Vicente (1507), the Baroque church of Santa María (1743–64), and the former convent of San Telmo…

Chile: Formation of new political parties: …formed 1887) was led by Malaquías Concha, who spoke for the needs of the artisans and a part of the urban workers. Founded by former radicals, this party differed from the Radical Party only in the particular emphasis it gave to the labour movement.

Gulf of Fonseca: …except in the west, where Conchagua Volcano in El Salvador rises sharply from the shore. Notable among the islands in the gulf are Zacate Grande, El Tigre, and Meanguera. The main ports are La Unión in El Salvador, Amapala on Isla del Tigre in Honduras, and Puerto Morazán (upstream on…

concheros, Mexican ritual dance that preserves many elements of pre-Columbian religious ritual. It apparently originated in 1522, after the Spanish conquest of the Chichimec tribe, as a means of continuing ancient ritual. Dancers belong to an intertribal society organized as a military hierarchy;

Conchidium, genus of extinct brachiopods, or lamp shells, that is a valuable index fossil in marine rocks of the Lower and Middle Silurian (the Silurian Period lasted from 444 million to 416 million years ago). Both portions of the moderately large shell are strongly convex, and prominent linear

gastropod: The shell: …mixture of proteins known as conchin. Inner layers of calcium carbonate interlace with a network of conchin and are impregnated with a variety of mineral salts. The calcium usually is in the form of calcite crystals in marine species and aragonite crystals in terrestrial species, but mixtures of crystal types…

cocoa: Conching: Conching, a flavour-developing, aerating, and emulsifying procedure performed by conche machines, requires from 4 to 72 hours, depending on the results desired and the machine type. Temperatures used in this process range from 55 to 88 °C (130 to 190 °F) and are closely…

jewelry: The properties of gems: …black horny coral growth, probably conchiolin, which hardens on exposure to air, has been obtained off the islands of Hawaii. Coral is carved into art objects and cut as beads, cameos, and other ornaments.

Ulster cycle: …reign of the semi-historical King Conor (Conchobar mac Nessa) at Emain Macha (near modern Armagh) and his Knights of the Red Branch (i.e., the palace building in which the heads and arms of vanquished enemies were stored). A rival court at Connaught is ruled by King Ailill and Queen Medb.…

laver: …diploid stage, known as the conchocelis, is usually microscopic and consists of branched filaments of cells.

mathematics: Apollonius: …one group of curves, the conchoids (from the Greek word for “shell”), are formed by marking off a certain length on a ruler and then pivoting it about a fixed point in such a way that one of the marked points stays on a given line; the other marked point…

mineral: Cleavage and fracture: The term conchoidal is used to describe fracture with smooth, curved surfaces that resemble the interior of a seashell; it is commonly observed in quartz and glass. Splintery fracture is breakage into elongated fragments like splinters of wood, while hackly fracture is breakage along jagged surfaces.

shell collecting: …into the entire field of conchology, the study of shells.

Conchos River, river in Chihuahua estado (“state”), northern Mexico. After descending eastward onto the inland plateau from the Sierra del Pandos, in the Sierra Madre Occidental, the river flows through Lake Boquilla, formed by the Boquilla Dam, and then turns north-northwestward across the state

Conchos River, river in Chihuahua estado (“state”), northern Mexico. After descending eastward onto the inland plateau from the Sierra del Pandos, in the Sierra Madre Occidental, the river flows through Lake Boquilla, formed by the Boquilla Dam, and then turns north-northwestward across the state

clam shrimp, any member of the crustacean order Conchostraca (subclass Branchiopoda), a group of about 200 species inhabiting shallow freshwater lakes, ponds, and temporary pools throughout the world. Clam shrimps are so called because their entire body is contained within a bivalved shell

Paris: Île de la Cité: …who added the grim gray-turreted Conciergerie, with its impressive Gothic chambers. The Great Hall (Grand Chambre), which, under the kings, was the meeting place of the Parlement (the high court of justice), was known throughout Europe for its Gothic beauty. Fires in 1618 and 1871 destroyed much of the original…

Alejo Carpentier: …sometimes humorous fiction, as in Concierto barroco (1974; Eng. trans. Concierto barroco), El recurso del método (1974; Reasons of State), and El arpa y la sombra (1979; The Harp and the Shadow). In the latter, the protagonist is Christopher Columbus, involved in a love affair with the Catholic Queen Isabella…

Sir Henry Spelman: …historian best known for his Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones, in Re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici (“Councils, Decrees, Laws, and Constitutions of the English Church”), which was perhaps the first systematic compilation of church documents. The first volume of the two-part Concilia covered Christianity in Britain until the Norman Conquest (1066) and…

El Salvador: Military dictatorships: …dismantled and replaced by the National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional; PCN), which would control the national government for the next 18 years. Under the banner of the Alliance for Progress, Rivera advanced programs aimed at economic growth and diversification, which enabled El Salvador to take advantage of the…

Manasseh ben Israel: Among his writings, Conciliador, 3 vol. (1632–51), was an attempt to reconcile discordant passages in the Bible; it established his reputation as a scholar in the Jewish and Christian communities. Manasseh maintained friendships with Hugo Grotius and Rembrandt, corresponded with Queen Christina of Sweden, and was an early…

conciliarism, in the Roman Catholic church, a theory that a general council of the church has greater authority than the pope and may, if necessary, depose him. Conciliarism had its roots in discussions of 12th- and 13th-century canonists who were attempting to set juridical limitations on the

conciliarism, in the Roman Catholic church, a theory that a general council of the church has greater authority than the pope and may, if necessary, depose him. Conciliarism had its roots in discussions of 12th- and 13th-century canonists who were attempting to set juridical limitations on the

Australia: Labour and taxation: …established in 1904 by the Conciliation and Arbitration Act, which created the Commonwealth Court of Reconciliation and Arbitration. Under the terms of the act, if a dispute cannot be solved by collective bargaining or conciliation, then either the employer or the trade union concerned can take the dispute to the…

Silvio Pellico: …a liberal and patriotic newspaper, Il Conciliatore, of which he became editor. After its suppression by the Austrian police (1819), he joined the Carbonari and, in October 1820, was arrested for treason. In 1822 he was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, of which he…

Jean Hardouin: …from New Testament times onward, Conciliorum Collectio Regia Maxima: Acta Conciliorum. . . . One of the notable works of scholarship of the period, it transformed the study of canon law and was basic to all later work in the field. It was published in 12 volumes at Paris (1714–15)…

democracy: The Roman Republic: …centuries, or military units; the Concilium Plebis was drawn from the ranks of the plebes, or plebeians (common people); and the Comitia Tributa, like the Athenian Assembly, was open to all citizens. In all the assemblies, votes were counted by units (centuries or tribes) rather than by individuals; thus, insofar…

Concino Concini, marquis d’Ancre , marquis d’Ancre, was an Italian adventurer who dominated the French government during the first seven years of the reign of King Louis XIII (reigned 1610–43). The son of a Florentine notary, Concini joined the entourage of Marie de Médicis shortly before she left

Concise Encyclopædia Britannica, 11-volume short-entry encyclopaedia in the Chinese language, published in Beijing in 1985–91 and believed to be the first joint venture by a socialist state and a privately owned Western publishing enterprise. The Concise Encyclopædia Britannica was published as a

Hegelianism: Anti-Hegelian criticism: …his Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift (1846; Concluding Unscientific Postscript)—Kierkegaard waged a continuous polemic against the philosophy of Hegel. He regarded Hegel as motivated by the spirit of the harmonious dialectical conciliation of every opposition and as committed to imposing universal and panlogistic resolutions upon the authentic antinomies of life. Kierkegaard saw…

logic: Scope and basic concepts: …new proposition, usually called the conclusion. A rule of inference is said to be truth-preserving if the conclusion derived from the application of the rule is true whenever the premises are true. Inferences based on truth-preserving rules are called deductive, and the study of such inferences is known as deductive…

Speak, Memory, autobiographical memoir of his early life and European years by Vladimir Nabokov. Fifteen chapters were published individually (1948–50), mainly in The New Yorker. The book was originally published as Conclusive Evidence: A Memoir (1951); it was also published the same year as Speak,

Diet: …resolution of the empire” (conclusum imperii). All the decisions of the Diet forming the resolution were called the “recess of the empire” (Reichsabschied). The emperor could ratify part of the recess or the whole of it, but he could not modify the words of the recess. Until the 17th…

gibbon: In the concolor group, which is classified in the genus Nomascus, both sexes are black as juveniles, but the females lighten to buff with maturity, so that the two sexes look quite different as adults. The males have an upstanding tuft of hair on top of the…

Alonso Carrió de Lavandera was a Spanish colonial administrator whose accounts of his travels from Buenos Aires to Lima are considered to be a precursor of the Spanish American novel. Carrió’s El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes (1775; El Lazarillo: A Guide for Inexperienced Travellers Between Buenos

Concord, city, seat of Cabarrus county, south-central North Carolina, U.S. It lies near the eastern edge of the Piedmont region, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Charlotte. The name emanates from the amicable settlement of a dispute over the site. Concord was founded in 1796, and in 1799 the

Niger-Congo languages: Noun classes: …meaning ‘those people have arrived’), concordial elements link all three parts of the sentence by the prefix wa-. This may be compared to the singular construction m-tu yu-le a-mefika ‘that person has arrived.’

Concord, city, capital (since 1808) of New Hampshire, U.S., and seat (1823) of Merrimack county. It lies along the Merrimack River above Manchester. The site was granted by the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1725 as Penacook Plantation. Settled in 1727, the community was incorporated as Rumford in

Concord, town (township), Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Concord River, 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Boston. Founded and incorporated in 1635 as Musketaquid, it was the first Puritan settlement away from tidewater and ocean commerce; later that year it was renamed

Concord, city, Contra Costa county, California, U.S. It lies 30 miles (50 km) east of San Francisco. The area was first inhabited by the Bay Miwok Indians and was explored by the Spanish in the late 18th century. A land grant, called Monte del Diablo, was made in 1834 to Don Salvio Pacheco. Laid

Concord coach, American stagecoach, first manufactured in Concord, N.H., U.S., by the Abbot, Downing Company in 1827, and famous for its use in the American West. The body was supported on two reinforced leather straps running from front to back. Relatively light models used on turnpikes in the

grape: Major species: labrusca), from which Concord grapes and other “slipskin” grapes are derived, are grown as table grapes or are used for grape jelly, grape flavouring, grape juice, and kosher wines. Summer grape (V. aestivalis) is thought to be the oldest American grape cultivar. The fruit is well suited for…

Concord: …Waldo Emerson in the “Concord Hymn,” excerpted here:

Concord: The Concord Summer School of Philosophy (founded by A. Bronson Alcott, father of Louisa) met there from 1879 to 1888. About 1850 Ephraim Bull perfected the Concord grape, marking the beginning of commercial cultivation of table grapes in the United States.

Battles of Lexington and Concord, (April 19, 1775), initial skirmishes between British regulars and American provincials, marking the beginning of the American Revolution. Acting on orders from London to suppress the rebellious colonists, General Thomas Gage, recently appointed royal governor of

creed: Lutheran confessions: The Formula of Concord (1577) further defined the Lutheran position in reference to controversies both within and outside the ranks. These four writings, together with the Large Catechism (1529), the Schmalkald Articles, and the Treatise were assembled into the Book of Concord (1580), which has official…

dictionary: …passage, it is called a concordance. Theoretically, a good dictionary could be compiled by organizing into one list a large number of concordances. A word list that consists of geographic names only is called a gazetteer.

John Marbeck: …Marbeck’s “greate worke,” his English Concordance to the Bible, was taken from him and destroyed. On his release he began it again, and in 1550, under Edward VI, it was published in abbreviated form. In 1550 he also published his setting of plainchant for the Anglican liturgy, Booke of Common…

concordat, a pact, with the force of international law, concluded between the ecclesiastical authority and the secular authority on matters of mutual concern; most especially a pact between the pope, as head of the Roman Catholic church, and a temporal head of state for the regulation of

Concorde, the first supersonic passenger-carrying commercial airplane (or supersonic transport, SST), built jointly by aircraft manufacturers in Great Britain and France. The Concorde made its first transatlantic crossing on September 26, 1973, and it inaugurated the world’s first scheduled

Jean Lemaire de Belges: His La Concorde des deux langages (“The Harmony of the Two Languages,” after 1510; modern ed. 1947) attempts to reconcile the influence of the Italian Renaissance with French tradition. His most extensive work is Les Illustrations de Gaule et singularitéz de Troye (1511, 1512, 1513; “Illustrations…

Place de la Concorde, public square in central Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine between the Tuileries Gardens and the western terminus of the Champs-Élysées. It was intended to glorify King Louis XV, though during the French Revolution various royals, including Louis XVI, were

Pont de la Concorde, stone-arch bridge crossing the Seine River in Paris at the Place de la Concorde. The masterpiece of Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, the bridge was conceived in 1772 but not begun until 1787, because conservative officials found the design too daring. Perronet personally supervised

Concordia, in Roman religion, goddess who was the personification of “concord,” or “agreement,” especially among members or classes of the Roman state. She had several temples at Rome; the oldest and most important one was located in the Forum at the end of the Via Sacra (“Sacred Way”). After 121

Concordia, city, northeastern Entre Ríos provincia (province), northeastern Argentina. It lies along the Uruguay River opposite Salto, Uruguay. Founded in 1832, Concordia is the province’s major commercial and manufacturing centre. Tanneries, sawmills, flour and rice mills, lime kilns, and other

Minnesota State University Moorhead: …University cooperative—a study exchange with Concordia College in Moorhead and North Dakota State University in nearby Fargo. Moorhead awards bachelor’s and master’s degrees in some 100 programs; it also offers an associate degree and more than 20 preprofessional programs. Research facilities include the Regional Science Center.

dating: Double uranium-lead chronometers: …against the other on a concordia diagram. If the point falls on the upper curve shown, the locus of identical ages, the result is said to be concordant, and a closed-system unequivocal age has been established. Any leakage of daughter isotopes from the system will cause the two ages calculated…

Gratian’s Decretum, collection of nearly 3,800 texts touching on all areas of church discipline and regulation compiled by the Benedictine monk Gratian about 1140. It soon became the basic text on which the masters of canon law lectured and commented in the universities. The work is not just a

Luis de Molina: Molina’s works include his celebrated Concordia liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis (1588–89; “The Harmony of Free Will with Gifts of Grace”), Commentaria in primam partem divi Thomae (1592; “Commentary on the First Part of [the Summa of] St. Thomas”), and De jure et justitia, 6 vol. (1593–1609; “On Law and…

Montreal: Education: McGill University (founded 1821) and Concordia University (1974; formed by the merger of Sir George Williams University, founded in 1929, and Loyola College, founded in 1899) offer mainly English-language instruction, whereas the University of Montreal (1876) and the University of Quebec at Montreal (1968) serve the French-speaking population.

Portland: The contemporary city: …the University of Portland (1901), Concordia University (1905), Reed College (1908), Lewis and Clark College (1867), Warner Pacific College (1937), Portland State University (1946), Portland Community College (1961), Cascade College (1993; a centre of the University of Oregon), and Oregon Health and Science University.

Irvine: …is also the seat of Concordia University (1976) and a community college (1979). Other notable attractions are an amphitheatre, which holds up to 15,000 spectators for outdoor concerts, and the Irvine Museum (1993), which features California art from the Impressionist period. Irvine Ranch Land Reserve, with some 50,000 acres (20,000…

St. Paul: The contemporary city: …1871), Luther Seminary (Lutheran; 1869), Concordia University (Lutheran; 1893), a campus of Metropolitan State University (1971), and a part of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (1851), campus. The state capitol, Minnesota’s third, was designed by architect Cass Gilbert and was completed in 1904. Dominating the concourse of the 20-story…

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, count di Concordia was an Italian scholar and Platonist philosopher whose De hominis dignitate oratio (“Oration on the Dignity of Man”), a characteristic Renaissance work composed in 1486, reflected his syncretistic method of taking the best elements from other

concrete, in construction, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. Among the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, the bonding substance most often used was clay. The

concrete, in philosophy, such entities as persons, physical objects, and events (or the terms or names that denote such things), as contrasted with such abstractions as numbers, classes, states, qualities, and relations. Many philosophers, however, add a third category of collective names, or

perfume: …solvent—a solid substance called a concrete. Treatment of the concrete with a second substance, usually alcohol, leaves the waxes undissolved and provides the concentrated flower oil called an absolute. In the extraction method called enfleurage, petals are placed between layers of purified animal fat, which become saturated with flower oil,…

brick and tile: Concrete brick: Concrete brick is a mixture of cement and aggregate, usually sand, formed in molds and cured. Certain mineral colours are added to produce a concrete brick resembling clay. Concrete pipe is made of cement and aggregate and cured as above. Used as a…

foundations of mathematics: Abstraction in mathematics: …what is now called the concrete category of groups, whose objects are groups and whose arrows are homomorphisms. It did not take long for concrete categories to be replaced by abstract categories, again described axiomatically.

Chuck Bednarik was an American professional gridiron football player who, as a linebacker and centre for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL) in the 1950s and early ’60s, was the last player in league history to regularly participate in every play of an NFL game. Bednarik

Idris Elba: Elba later starred in Concrete Cowboy (2020), about a father who reconnects with his son through urban horseback riding.

Concrete Invention, a group of artists based in Buenos Aires in the 1940s known for its works of geometric abstraction. In 1944 the artists Carmelo Arden Quin, Gyula Kosice, Rhod Rothfuss, Tomás Maldonado, and others collectively produced the first and only issue of the illustrated magazine Arturo,

musique concrète, (French: “concrete music”), experimental technique of musical composition using recorded sounds as raw material. The technique was developed about 1948 by the French composer Pierre Schaeffer and his associates at the Studio d’Essai (“Experimental Studio”) of the French radio

Jean Piaget: In the third, or concrete operational, stage, from age 7 to age 11 or 12, occur the beginning of logic in the child’s thought processes and the beginning of the classification of objects by their similarities and differences. During this period the child also begins to grasp concepts of…

concrete poetry, poetry in which the poet’s intent is conveyed by graphic patterns of letters, words, or symbols rather than by the meaning of words in conventional arrangement. The writer of concrete poetry uses typeface and other typographical elements in such a way that chosen units—letter

Angie Thomas: Later YA novels: In 2021 Thomas released Concrete Rose, a prequel to The Hate U Give. The book revolves around Maverick Carter, a 17-year-old high schooler whose father is serving time in prison. To help support his mother, Maverick sells drugs for a gang called the King Lords. When Maverick finds out…

architecture: Concrete: The first, concrete-shell construction, permits the erection of vast vaults and domes with a concrete and steel content so reduced that the thickness is comparatively less than that of an eggshell. The second development, precast-concrete construction, employs bricks, slabs, and supports made under optimal factory conditions to…

sedimentary rock: Bedding structure: Local cementation may result in concretions of calcite, pyrite, barite, and other minerals. These can range from sand crystals or barite roses to spheroidal or discoidal concretions tens of metres across.

concrete poetry, poetry in which the poet’s intent is conveyed by graphic patterns of letters, words, or symbols rather than by the meaning of words in conventional arrangement. The writer of concrete poetry uses typeface and other typographical elements in such a way that chosen units—letter

Concrete Invention, a group of artists based in Buenos Aires in the 1940s known for its works of geometric abstraction. In 1944 the artists Carmelo Arden Quin, Gyula Kosice, Rhod Rothfuss, Tomás Maldonado, and others collectively produced the first and only issue of the illustrated magazine Arturo,

concubinage, the state of cohabitation of a man and a woman without the full sanctions of legal marriage. The word is derived from the Latin con (“with”) and cubare (“to lie”). The Judeo-Christian term concubine has generally been applied exclusively to women, although a cohabiting male may also be

Elechi Amadi: …traditional life in Nigerian villages: The Concubine (1966), The Great Ponds (1969), and The Slave (1978). These novels concern human destiny and the extent to which it can be changed; the relationship between people and their gods is the central issue explored. Amadi was a keen observer of details of…

computer science: Parallel and distributed computing: Concurrency refers to the execution of more than one procedure at the same time (perhaps with the access of shared data), either truly simultaneously (as on a multiprocessor) or in an unpredictably interleaved order. Modern programming languages such as Java include both encapsulation and features…

computer science: Information management: …that the DBMS include a concurrency control mechanism (called locking) to maintain integrity whenever two different users attempt to access the same data at the same time. For example, two travel agents may try to book the last seat on a plane at more or less the same time. Without…

aerospace industry: Design methods: …important, a new design method, concurrent engineering (CE), has been replacing the traditional cycle. CE simultaneously organizes many aspects of the design effort under the aegis of special teams of designers, engineers, and representatives of other relevant activities and processes. The method allows supporting activities such as stress analysis, aerodynamics,…

competence and jurisdiction: …made in a lower court; concurrent jurisdiction, in which jurisdiction may be exercised by two or more courts over the same matter, within the same area, and at such time as the suit might be brought to either court for original determination; and original jurisdiction, in which the court holds…

concurrent programming, computer programming in which, during a period of time, multiple processes are being executed. For example, two processes can be interleaved so that they are executed in turns. Parallel computing is similar but with multiple processes being executed at the same time on