Western Colorado University, public coeducational institution of higher learning in Gunnison, Colorado, U.S. A liberal arts university, Western Colorado offers bachelor’s and master’s degree programs. The university provides a general education program that includes requirements in basic skills and

University of Northern Colorado, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Greeley, Colorado, U.S. It includes colleges of Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, Education, Health and Human Sciences, and Performing and Visual Arts. The university’s graduate school offers more

Colorado State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S. It is a land-grant university and a part of Colorado’s state university system. Colorado State consists of the colleges of Agricultural Sciences, Applied Human Sciences, Business,

Colorado tick fever, acute febrile viral infection usually transmitted to humans by the bite of the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni). The virus, known as the Colorado tick fever virus, is classified as a type of coltivirus of the family Reoviridae, a grouping of viruses that is

U.S. state flag consisting of horizontal blue-white-blue stripes and a red C surrounding a yellow (gold) disk.Like many of the Western states, Colorado has an easily recognizable design for its flag. The red C stands for the name of the state—recalling the Spanish word colorado (“red”), the origin

University of Colorado, public, coeducational state university system with a main campus in Boulder, Colorado, U.S., and branches in Colorado Springs and Denver. The Health Sciences Center is also in Denver. All branches offer both undergraduate and graduate (including doctoral) degree programs.

Colorado River: Economic development: In 1945 the Colorado–Big Thompson Project, the first federal interbasin water-diversion project in the United States, was completed. Water was diverted by tunnel beneath the Continental Divide in Rocky Mountain National Park to help irrigate cropland in northern Colorado. Another large project, the Fryingpan-Arkansas, diverts water from Fryingpan…

musical notation: Mensural notation: …mensural notation evolved, another device, coloration, came into use. If a composer wished to render a potentially perfect note imperfect, he could write it in red or as a hollow note (as , 𝅆, 𝆹); these two devices had, however, various other, less common meanings. About 1400, hollow note shapes…

coloration, in biology, the general appearance of an organism as determined by the quality and quantity of light that is reflected or emitted from its surfaces. Coloration depends upon several factors: the colour and distribution of the organism’s biochromes (pigments), particularly the relative

coloration: Short-term changes: Most rapid colour changes are chromatophoric ones that alter the colour of the organism through the dispersion or concentration of biochromes. Emotion plays a role in such changes among some cephalopods, fishes, and horned lizards (Phrynosoma). When excited, certain fishes and horned lizards undergo a transient blanching…

speech: Voice types: …the extra high and light coloratura soprano. The dramatic voices employed in the Wagnerian operas represent intermediate forms between a male tenor (or high baritone) and a heroically masculine body type. The female dramatic soprano is usually heavily built; her strong mezzo-soprano voice can produce the high soprano tones.

colorectal cancer, disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells within the large intestine (colon) or rectum (terminal portion of the large intestine). Colon cancer (or bowel cancer) and rectal cancer are sometimes referred to separately. Colorectal cancer develops slowly but can spread to

Pauline Hopkins: …and biographical articles for the Colored American Magazine, of which she was women’s editor and literary editor from approximately 1900 to 1904.

baseball: Segregation: A League of Colored Base Ball Clubs, organized in 1887 in cities of the Northeast and border states, was recognized as a legitimate minor league under organized baseball’s National Agreement and raised hopes of sending Black players to big league teams. The league’s first games, however,…

Cumberland Presbyterian Church: This group, now called the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America, in 1996 reported more than 15,000 members and about 150 congregations and is headquartered in Huntsville, Ala.

Farmers’ Alliance: …the Southern Alliance, formed the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Cooperative Union (also called the Colored Farmers’ Alliance). This organization had many of the same goals as its white counterpart.

Myrtilla Miner: …Teachers College to form the District of Columbia Teachers College.

Grambling State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Grambling, Louisiana, U.S. A historically African-American university, it comprises colleges of basic studies, business, education, liberal arts, and science and technology and the Earl Lester Cole Honors College.

Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA), the oldest African American athletic conference in the United States. Originally named the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the CIAA was formed in 1912 to link and regulate sports competitions between historically African American

Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Black Methodist church in the United States. Founded in 1870 by 41 formerly enslaved African Americans as the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, it officially adopted its present name in 1956. The church originated from a movement begun in 1866 within the

South Carolina State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Orangeburg, South Carolina, U.S. A Historically Black College and University (HBCU), South Carolina State offers numerous bachelor’s degree programs through schools of Applied Professional Sciences, Arts and

Fanny Jackson Coppin: …as head principal of the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia included a practice-teaching system and an elaborate industrial-training department.

colorimetry, measurement of the wavelength and the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in the visible region of the spectrum. It is used extensively for identification and determination of concentrations of substances that absorb light. Two fundamental laws are applied: that of a French

Haruki Murakami: …no junrei no toshi (2013; Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage) delves into a young man’s existential quandaries, precipitated by his ejection from a circle of friends. Murakami explored art and loneliness in his 14th novel, Kishidanchō goroshi (2017; Killing Commendatore), about a painter in the midst of…

Himalayan, breed of domestic cat with the colouring of the Siamese and the build and coat of the longhair, or Persian. The Himalayan is produced by matings between Siamese and longhairs followed by selected breeding of the offspring to bring out the proper colouring, coat, and build. A good

Don Cheadle: …leader in the police thriller Colors (1988), directed by Dennis Hopper. Cheadle was cast in the short-lived sitcom The Golden Palace (1992–93), and from 1993 to 1995 he played an earnest district attorney on Picket Fences. He first gained widespread critical notice for his performance as the violent Mouse, a…

Beck: …with producer Greg Kurstin on Colors (2017), a bright collection of several types of pop music. For Hyperspace (2019) Beck collaborated with various musicians, especially Pharrell Williams.

James Colosimo was a crime czar in Chicago from about 1902 until his death, owner of plush brothels, saloons, and a nightclub. Immigrating from Italy in 1895, he rose from poverty through petty crime and pimping to head a chain of brothels. In 1909 he imported Johnny Torrio from New York to head

Anne Hathaway: The Dark Knight Rises, Les Misérables, and Interstellar: …gigantic beast in the comedy Colossal. She garnered enthusiastic reviews for her performance as a self-absorbed actress in Ocean’s 8 (2018), a female-driven reboot of the Ocean’s Eleven franchise from the earlier 2000s. Her credits from 2019 included Serenity, a thriller in which her character solicits her ex-husband (Matthew McConaughey)…

electronic game: Interactive fiction: …the 1970s was Will Crowther’s Colossal Cave Adventure, probably completed in 1977. Text-based games of its ilk have since been known commonly as electronic adventure games. Crowther combined his experiences exploring Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave system and playing Dungeons & Dragons-style role-playing games with fantasy themes reminiscent of J.R.R.

pre-Columbian civilizations: The rise of Olmec civilization: Most striking are the “colossal heads,” human portraits on a stupendous scale. Several of these are now known from San Lorenzo, the largest of which is nine feet (more than 2.5 metres) high. The visages are flat-faced, with thickened lips and staring eyes. Each has a headgear resembling a…

colossal order, architectural order extending beyond one interior story, often extending through several stories. Though giant columns were used in antiquity, they were first applied to building facades in Renaissance Italy. Any of the orders (the major types being Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,

colossal squid, (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni), a massive, elusive cephalopod species inhabiting cold, deep regions of the Southern Ocean at depths ranging from 20 to 2,000 meters (66 to 6,562 feet). Biologists consider the colossal squid either the largest or second largest invertebrate in the

Colosseum, giant amphitheater built in Rome under the Flavian emperors. Construction of the Colosseum was begun sometime between 70 and 72 ce during the reign of Vespasian. It is located just east of the Palatine Hill, on the grounds of what was Nero’s Golden House. The artificial lake that was the

Egyptian art and architecture: Funerary temples: …two huge quartzite statues, the Colossi of Memnon. These and other royal sculptures found in the ruins of the temple’s courts and halls testify to the magnificence now lost. Its design, as well as much of its stone, was used by Ramses II for his own funerary temple, the Ramesseum.…

Letter of Paul to the Colossians, twelfth book of the New Testament, addressed to Christians at Colossae, Asia Minor, whose congregation was founded by St. Paul the Apostle’s colleague Epaphras. The developed theology of the letter, many believe, indicates that it was either composed by Paul in

Letter of Paul to the Colossians, twelfth book of the New Testament, addressed to Christians at Colossae, Asia Minor, whose congregation was founded by St. Paul the Apostle’s colleague Epaphras. The developed theology of the letter, many believe, indicates that it was either composed by Paul in

Vegetarian Piranhas: One large characin, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), has developed nasal flaps on the upper part of the snout to help it smell fruit. The tambaqui is an important food fish for peoples of the Amazon and can weigh up to 30 kg (66 pounds). It uses horselike molars and…

Colossus, the first large-scale electronic computer, which went into operation in 1944 at Britain’s wartime code-breaking headquarters at Bletchley Park. During World War II the British intercepted two very different types of encrypted German military transmissions: Enigma, broadcast in Morse code,

colossus, statue that is considerably larger than life-size. They are known from ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, and Japan. The Egyptian sphinx (c. 2550 bc) that survives at al-Jīzah, for example, is 240 feet (73 m) long; and the Daibutsu (Great Buddha; ad 1252) at Kamakura, Japan, is 37

Colson Whitehead: …has also published nonfiction, notably The Colossus of New York (2003), a collection of essays about New York City, and The Noble Hustle: Poker, Beef Jerky, and Death (2014), a humorous dive into the 2011 World Series of Poker in Las Vegas, in which Whitehead competed despite never before having…

frog and toad: Breeding behaviour: …of the Central American dendrobatid Colostethus inguinalis have calling sites on boulders in streams. The intrusion by another male results in the resident uttering a territorial call, and, if the intruder does not leave, the resident charges him, attempting to butt him off the boulder. Females of the Venezuelan C.…

frog and toad: Breeding behaviour: Females of the Venezuelan C. trinitatus wrestle in defense of territories in streambeds.

colostomy, the surgical formation of an artificial anus by making an opening from the colon through the abdominal wall. A colostomy may be performed in order to decompress an obstructed colon; to divert the fecal stream after traumatic injury or when resectioning an inflammatory, obstructive, or

pregnancy: Breasts: …of pregnancy a milky fluid, colostrum, exudes from the ducts or can be expressed from them.

Epicureanism: The Epicurean school: …both, however, were Metrodorus and Colotes, against whom a small work by Plutarch was directed. Among the Epicureans of the 2nd century bce, mention must be made of Demetrius of Lacon, of whose works some fragments remain, and Apollodorus, who wrote more than 400 books. Much was also written by…

colotomic structure, in music, use of specified instruments to mark off established time intervals. In the tuned percussion ensembles (gamelan) of Java and Bali, for instance, a musical unit of 16 measures may be marked by four instruments: a small gong striking once every odd-numbered measure; a

colour, the aspect of any object that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation. In physics, colour is associated specifically with electromagnetic radiation of a certain range of wavelengths visible to the human eye. Radiation of such wavelengths constitutes that portion of the

meson: …take on one of three “colours.” Studies of the competing decay modes of K-mesons, which occur via the weak force, have led to a better understanding of parity (the property of an elementary particle or physical system that indicates whether its mirror image occurs in nature) and its nonconservation in…

Patrick Anderson: …Centre (1946) were followed by The Colour as Naked (1953), which drew upon his Canadian experiences as well as life in Malaya (1950–52) and England. (He lived his later life in both Canada and England.) Search Me (1957) is autobiographical, and Over the Alps: Reflections on Travel and Travel Writing…

colour: Colour atlases: Calculating chromaticity and luminance is a scientific method of determining a colour, but, for the rapid visual determination of the colour of objects, a colour atlas such as the Munsell Book of Color is often used. In this system colours are matched to…

Southern Africa: The impact of migrant labour: Whites demanded a “colour bar” to protect their access to certain jobs. Initially formulated to reconcile white workers to Milner’s decision to import Chinese labour, the colour bar was formally established in South Africa under the Mines and Works Act of 1911 and its amendment in 1926. At…

colour blindness, inability to distinguish one or more of the three colours red, green, and blue. Most people with colour vision problems have a weak colour-sensing system rather than a frank loss of colour sensation. In the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides

colour centre, defect in the regular spacing of atoms within a solid that absorbs visible light of a particular colour or infrared or ultraviolet radiation, thus lending a characteristic colour to the solid. Each colour centre involves the absence of an atom from the place it would normally occupy

coloration: Short-term changes: Most rapid colour changes are chromatophoric ones that alter the colour of the organism through the dispersion or concentration of biochromes. Emotion plays a role in such changes among some cephalopods, fishes, and horned lizards (Phrynosoma). When excited, certain fishes and horned lizards undergo a transient blanching…

fundamental force: …they carry what is called “colour” charge, a property analogous to electric charge. Gluons are able to interact together because of colour charge, which at the same time limits their effective range.

television: Generating the colour picture signal: …the colour camera is the colour coder, which converts the primary-colour signals into the luminance and chrominance signals. The luminance signal is formed simply by applying the primary-colour signals to an electronic addition circuit, or adder, that adds the values of all three signals at each point along their respective…

colour: Colour effects: …are perceived, a phenomenon called colour constancy.

optics: Filters and thin films: A colour filter is a sheet of transparent material that modifies a light beam by selective absorption of some colours in relation to others. A neutral filter absorbs all wavelengths equally and merely serves to reduce the intensity of a beam of light without changing its…

dye: Classifications of dyes: …application, and colour in the Colour Index (C.I.), which is edited by the Society of Dyers and Colourists and by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. The third edition of the index lists more than 8,000 colorants used on a large scale for fibres, plastics, printing inks, paints,…

colour index, in astronomy, the difference between two measurements of the magnitude (brightness on a logarithmic scale) of a star made at different wavelengths, the value found at the longer wavelength being subtracted from that found at the shorter. Usually the two wavelengths are the blue (B)

colour index, in igneous petrology, the sum of the volume percentages of the coloured, or dark, minerals contained by the rock. Volume percentages, accurate to within 1 percent, can be estimated under the microscope by using a point-counting technique over a plane section of the rock; volumes also

oleograph, colour lithograph produced by preparing a separate stone by hand for each colour to be used and printing one colour in register over another. The term is most often used in reference to commercial prints. Sometimes as many as 30 stones were used for a single print. The technique was

colour music, music intended for instrumental performance in conjunction with a simultaneous projection of changing colours onto a screen. It has its origins in the theory, prevalent in the Renaissance and systematically set forth by the 17th-century Jesuit music theorist and mathematician

The Colour of Magic, comic fantasy novel written by English author Terry Pratchett and published in 1983. It was the first of more than 40 volumes in his wildly popular Discworld series of satirical fantasy stories. The Colour of Magic is a collection of four stories set on Discworld, a flat planet

Céline Dion: With The Colour of My Love (1993), she scored another hit single (the soaring “The Power of Love”), and Falling into You (1996) earned two Grammys, including album of the year.

Sergey Yosifovich Paradzhanov: …further with Tsvet granata (1969; The Colour of Pomegranates, or Sayat Nova), in which he used ancient Armenian music to enhance symbolic episodes drawn from the colorful life of 18th-century Armenian poet Sayat-Nova. In 1974 he was tried on a range of charges, including homosexuality, currency offenses, and “dealing in…

illusion: Colour illusions: The normal human eye can detect about 130 gradations of colour in the visible spectrum (as in the rainbow), about 20 barely noticeable differences within a given colour, and about 500 variations of brightness. However, when two spots of equally bright light are…

technology of photography: Colour photography: Present-day colour photographic processes are tricolour systems, reproducing different colours that occur in nature by suitable combinations of three primary-coloured stimuli. Each of these primary colours—blue-violet, green, and red—covers roughly one-third of the visible spectrum. Tricolour impressions can be produced by

colour printing, process whereby illustrative material is reproduced in colour on the printed page. The four-colour process is used to produce a complete range of colours. In this process, the material to be reproduced is separated into three basic colours plus black, which is used for density and

motion-picture technology: Film processing and printing: This yields a colour reversal intermediate (CRI) from which prints can be struck.

photoengraving: Colour scanners: Paralleling the development of the electromechanical engraving machine, experimenters in the United States and Europe independently devised a number of electromechanical devices that automatically produce, from a colour-transparency image, corrected film negatives from which the four printing plates used in full-colour reproduction can…

colour printing: …illustrative material is reproduced in colour on the printed page. The four-colour process is used to produce a complete range of colours. In this process, the material to be reproduced is separated into three basic colours plus black, which is used for density and image contrast. The basic colours are…

religious symbolism and iconography: Diagrammatic and emblematic: …religions a number of basic colours have at times different and sometimes even opposite meanings. White, for example, may signify joy and festivity or death and sadness. Red has the most pronounced symbolical value: it refers to the liturgical, priestly sphere and also to life and death. In Christianity, colour…

Sir Arthur Bliss: …singing vocalises (meaningless syllables), and A Colour Symphony (1922, revised 1932), whose four movements are intended to suggest the colours purple, red, blue, and green. Later, although he never abandoned experimentation, he began composing in classical forms, e.g., the quintets for oboe and strings and for clarinet and strings, the…

colour television, the electronic delivery of sound and moving colour images produced via the transmission of sound and colour signals from a source to a receiver. The technical standards for modern colour television were first established in the middle of the 20th century. Improvements have been

motion-picture technology: Light measurement: …also measurable in terms of colour temperature. Light rich in red rays has a low reading in kelvins. Ordinary household light bulbs produce light of about 2,800 kelvins, while daylight, which is rich in rays from the blue end of the spectrum, may have readings from 5,000 to more than…

motion-picture technology: Light measurement: The colour temperature meter uses a rotating filter to indicate a bias toward either red or blue; when red and blue rays are in balance, the needle does not move. Some meters also use red/blue and blue/green filters for fuller measurement.

language: General and specific designations: Colour words get their meanings from their mutual contrasts. The field of visually discriminable hues is very large and goes far beyond the resources of any vocabulary as it is normally used. Children learn the central or basic colour words of their language fairly early…

colour vision, ability to distinguish among various wavelengths of light waves and to perceive the differences as differences in hue. The normal human eye can discriminate among hundreds of such bands of wavelengths as they are received by the colour-sensing cells (cones) of the retina. There are

Rose Tremain: …won a Whitbread Book Award; The Colour (2003); The Road Home (2007), winner of the Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (later called the Women’s Prize for Fiction); The Gustav Sonata (2016); and Islands of Mercy (2020). She also wrote the short-story collections Evangelista’s Fan, & Other Stories (1994) and

illusion: Synesthesia: For example, “colour-hearing,” in which people say that specific sounds evoke in them the actual experience of certain colours, is relatively frequent. Some musicians and others report that they see particular colours whenever they hear given tones and musical passages; poets sometimes claim to hear sounds or…

railroad: Types of signals: …to be superseded by the colour-light signal, which uses powerful electric lights to display its aspects. These are usually red, green, and yellow, either singly or in simultaneous display of two colours. The different colours are obtained either by rotating appropriate roundels or colour filters in front of a single…

colour–magnitude diagram, in astronomy, graph showing the relation between the absolute magnitudes (brightnesses) of stars and their colours, which are closely related to their temperatures and spectral types. It is similar to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram except that the latter plots spectral

coloration, in biology, the general appearance of an organism as determined by the quality and quantity of light that is reflected or emitted from its surfaces. Coloration depends upon several factors: the colour and distribution of the organism’s biochromes (pigments), particularly the relative

Coloured, a person of mixed European (“white”) and African (“black”) or Asian ancestry, as officially defined by the South African government from 1950 to 1991. Individuals assigned to this classification originated primarily from 18th- and 19th-century unions between men of higher and women of

cement: Types of portland cement: Coloured cements are made by grinding 5 to 10 percent of suitable pigments with white or ordinary gray portland cement. Air-entraining cements are made by the addition on grinding of a small amount, about 0.05 percent, of an organic agent that causes the entrainment of…

illusion: Synesthesia: For example, “colour-hearing,” in which people say that specific sounds evoke in them the actual experience of certain colours, is relatively frequent. Some musicians and others report that they see particular colours whenever they hear given tones and musical passages; poets sometimes claim to hear sounds or…

noise: Coloured noise refers to noise that may contain a wide audible spectrum but shows a greater intensity in a narrow band of frequencies. An example is “whistling” wind.

dye: Standardization tests and identification of dyes: Colourfastness tests are published by the International Organization for Standardization. For identification purposes, the results of systematic reaction sequences and solubility properties permit determination of the class of dye, which, in many cases, may be all that is required. With modern instrumentation, however, a variety…

colorimetry, measurement of the wavelength and the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in the visible region of the spectrum. It is used extensively for identification and determination of concentrations of substances that absorb light. Two fundamental laws are applied: that of a French

crayon: …two types of crayons: the colouring crayon and the chalk crayon.

photoengraving: Colourplate production: The first printed colour work was produced manually; artists painted in the necessary colours on black-and-white printed sheets. Later, stencils were used to speed this work, and in a further development, colours were printed, either as solids or tints, from hand-engraved plates. All…

Himalayan, breed of domestic cat with the colouring of the Siamese and the build and coat of the longhair, or Persian. The Himalayan is produced by matings between Siamese and longhairs followed by selected breeding of the offspring to bring out the proper colouring, coat, and build. A good

cephalic disorder: Colpocephaly: Colpocephaly is the enlargement of the occipital horns, which are located at the posterior (rear) end of the lateral ventricles and protrude into the occipital lobe at the back of the brain. Their enlargement is due to insufficient development of the posterior cerebrum (the…

trichostome: The freshwater genus Colpoda, widely studied experimentally, divides only while encysted. The parasitic forms include the genus Balantidium (q.v.), which infests the intestines of many animals and, in rare cases, may cause a severe type of human dysentery; another genus (Isotricha) lives in the stomachs of cattle and…

colposcopy: …lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope. Colposcopy is used when the Papanicolaou test (or Pap smear; cervicovaginal cytology) suggests the possibility of cancer of the uterine cervix. It helps to detect precancerous abnormalities and identifies in which areas a biopsy should be performed for a definitive diagnosis to be made.

colposcopy, medical examination of the epithelial tissues of the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a special lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope. Colposcopy is used when the Papanicolaou test (or Pap smear; cervicovaginal cytology) suggests the possibility of cancer of the uterine

palm: Characteristic morphological features: …swellings or “bellies” such as Colpothrinax, it is due to an increase in number or size of internal cells and not to new cell production at a cambium, or growing, layer. The cortex, or “bark,” may be smooth or rough, and it is sometimes fiercely armed with spines or covered…

British Surrealism: …continental Surrealism, Indian-born British artist Ithell Colquhoun went on to invent a number of other techniques, including entoptic graphomania (dots made on or around blemishes on a blank sheet of paper; lines are then made to join the dots together) and parsemage (an automatic technique in which dust from charcoal…