William Martin Conway, Baron Conway: He chronicled his feat in Climbing and Exploration in the Karakoram-Himalayas (1894). His traverse of the Alpine range from Monte Viso to Gross Glockner in 1894 was described in The Alps from End to End (1895), and The First Crossing of Spitsbergen (1897) records his exploration of the island in…

Caryophyllales: Cactaceae: Climbing cacti, such as some leaf cacti (Epiphyllum) and some Rhipsalis species, are found in forests and develop few internal structural supports but support themselves with spines and aerial roots. In addition, cacti show an overall gradient in design from flattened, nonbranching discs to globes…

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Astroblepidae (climbing catfishes) Mouth and fins modified for adhesion to rocks in mountain streams. Skin naked. Panama and South America. 1 genus, up to 54 species. Family Claroteidae (claroteids) Africa. 7 genera, up to 59 species.

corydalis: Major species: The climbing corydalis (Ceratocapnos claviculata) of Great Britain is an annual with short sprays of cream-coloured tubular flowers. The plant was formerly placed in the genus Corydalis.

fern: Annotated classification: …thickened cells; 1 genus (Lygodium) with about 25 species, mostly distributed in the tropics. Family Anemiaceae Rhizomes creeping to erect, hairy; leaves with the basal pair (or, rarely, more) of primary divisions modified, mostly lacking laminar tissue, and densely covered with sporangia; sporangia with the annulus a subapical ring…

Schizaeaceae, fern family (order Filicales), which contains two genera (Schizaea and Actinostachys) and about 46 species. The family has a long fossil record, with records dating back to the Late Cretaceous Epoch (about 100.5 to 66.0 million years ago). The genera are usually found in tropical and

Ficus: Major species: …climbing species such as the climbing fig (F. pumila) are also popular ornamentals.

fumitory: The related climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), also known as Allegheny vine or mountain fringe, is a sprawling herbaceous biennial that coils its long leafstalks around supports. It reaches 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) in height and has clusters of white or pinkish tubular flowers borne among delicately cut…

hydrangea: The climbing hydrangea (H. anomala petiolaris, or H. petiolaris), can reach up to 15 metres, clinging to any solid support by means of aerial rootlets.

Regina M. Anderson: …1931 produced Anderson’s one-act play Climbing Jacob’s Ladder, about a lynching that happened while people prayed in church. The next year the theatre produced her one-act play Underground, about the Underground Railroad. Both plays were written under her pseudonym. The Negro Experimental Theatre served as an inspiration to little-theatre groups…

Gloriosa, genus of tuberous-rooted plants of the family Colchicaceae, native to tropical Africa and Asia. There are about six species, from about 1 to 2.4 m (3 to 8 feet) tall. These plants, variously known as climbing lilies or glory-lilies, are grown in greenhouses or outdoors in the summer. They

Richard Dawkins: …Darwinian natural selection entailed in Climbing Mount Improbable (1996). Stressing the gradual nature of response to selective pressures, Dawkins took care to point out that intricate structures such as the eye do not manifest randomly but instead successively increase in sophistication. He also released The Evolution of Life (1996), an…

climbing perch, (Anabas testudineus), small Asian freshwater fish of the family Anabantidae (order Perciformes) noted for its ability to live and walk about out of water. The climbing perch is an air-breathing labyrinth fish. Rather oblong, brownish or green, it grows to about 25 cm (10 inches). It

vine, Plant whose stem requires support and that climbs by tendrils or twining or creeps along the ground, or the stem of such a plant. Examples include bittersweet, most grapes, some honeysuckles, ivy, lianas, and

rose: Major species and hybrids: …classes of modern roses are climbing roses, whose slender stems can be trained to ascend trellises; shrub roses, which develop into large bushes; and miniature roses, which are pygmy-sized plants bearing tiny blossoms. Altogether there are thousands of identifiable varieties of roses in those and other classes.

soil: Climate: …array of soils called a climosequence. One typical climosequence occurs along a 1,000-km (600-mile) north-south transect through the foothills of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains in California. There soils that have formed on landscapes of similar topography vary continuously in their profile characteristics with variations in annual precipitation. Soils…

Marshall B. Clinard was an American sociologist and criminologist known for his research on the sociology of deviant behaviour, corporate crime, and gang formation. Clinard was one of the first to follow the white-collar crime research of American criminologist Edwin Sutherland. In the early 1950s,

Marshall B. Clinard was an American sociologist and criminologist known for his research on the sociology of deviant behaviour, corporate crime, and gang formation. Clinard was one of the first to follow the white-collar crime research of American criminologist Edwin Sutherland. In the early 1950s,

Ralph Stanley: …a five-piece string band, the Clinch Mountain Boys, one of the first bands to play in the new bluegrass style, a form of country music invented by Bill Monroe. The brothers’ sound was distinctive—Carter played guitar and sang lead, while Ralph played banjo and sang a mournful tenor harmony. Both…

Clinch River, river rising in Tazewell county, southwestern Virginia, U.S., and flowing about 300 miles (480 km), generally southwest, through the Great Appalachian Valley into eastern Tennessee. There it passes through Norris Lake (impounded by Norris Dam) near the junction with the Powell River

Fernandina Beach: …Island in 1821 and built Fort Clinch (begun 1847) at its northern tip. The fort was seized by Confederate troops in 1861 at the beginning of the American Civil War and became a centre for blockade-running until its capture by Union forces in 1862. In the late 19th century Fernandina…

Richard Brinsley Sheridan: Theatrical career: …due to the acting of Lawrence Clinch as Sir Lucius. Sheridan showed his gratitude by writing the amusing little farce St. Patrick’s Day; Or, The Scheming Lieutenant for the benefit performance given for Clinch in May 1775. Another example of his ability to weave an interesting plot from well-worn materials…

bicycle: Wheels: … with wire beads are called clinchers, though the proper technical name is wired-on or hook-bead. Clincher tires have a wearing surface of synthetic rubber vulcanized onto a two-ply cotton or nylon casing. Air pressure is contained by a butyl rubber inner tube with either a Presta or a Schrader valve.…

insect: Continuing evolution: Another example of this cline type of evolution is the development of insect strains resistant to an insecticide that has been applied heavily in an area for several years. In many parts of the world houseflies became highly resistant to DDT.

metaverse: … (1999) and its sequels and Ernest Cline’s novel Ready Player One (2011; film 2018).

Edward Jenner: …of others, particularly the surgeon Henry Cline, to whom Jenner had given some of the inoculant, and the doctors George Pearson and William Woodville. Difficulties arose, some of them quite unpleasant; Pearson tried to take credit away from Jenner, and Woodville, a physician in a smallpox hospital, contaminated the cowpox…

Maggie Cline was an American singer whose vigorous persona and hearty performances of Irish songs made her an immensely popular figure in the heyday of the vaudeville stage. Cline, the daughter of Irish immigrant parents, went to work at age 12 in a local shoe factory. Five years later she

Maggie Cline was an American singer whose vigorous persona and hearty performances of Irish songs made her an immensely popular figure in the heyday of the vaudeville stage. Cline, the daughter of Irish immigrant parents, went to work at age 12 in a local shoe factory. Five years later she

Wilco: …Kotche, Leroy Bach, Mikael Jorgensen, Nels Cline (b. January 4, 1956, Los Angeles, California), and Pat Sansone (b. June 21, 1969, Meridian, Mississippi).

Patsy Cline was an American country music singer whose talent and wide-ranging appeal made her one of the classic performers of the genre, bridging the gap between country music and more mainstream audiences. Known in her youth as “Ginny,” she began to sing with local country bands while a

clingfish, any of more than 150 species of small fishes of the family Gobiesocidae (order Perciformes). Clingfishes are characterized by a strong suction disk located on the undersurface and formed by the pelvic fins and adjacent folds of flesh. They are scaleless fishes and have wide, flattened

Clingmans Dome, peak in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S., near the Tennessee–North Carolina border, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Knoxville, Tennessee. The highest point in Tennessee, it rises to an elevation of 6,643 feet (2,025 metres) and is also the highest point along the Appalachian

clinic, an organized medical service offering diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive outpatient services. Often, the term covers an entire medical teaching centre, including the hospital and the outpatient facilities. The medical care offered by a clinic may or may not be connected with a hospital.

biomechanics: Another development was clinical biomechanics, which employs mechanical facts, methodologies, and mathematics to interpret and analyze typical and atypical human anatomy and physiology.

death: Clinical death: At the opposite end of the spectrum from cell death lies the death of a human being. It is obvious that the problems of defining human death cannot be resolved in purely biological terms, divorced from all ethical or cultural considerations. This is…

diagnosis: Formulating a diagnosis: …formulating a diagnosis is called clinical decision making. The clinician uses the information gathered from the medical history and physical and mental examinations to develop a list of possible causes of the disorder, called the differential diagnosis. The clinician then decides what tests to order to help refine the list…

major depressive disorder, mental disorder characterized by persistent hopelessness, disinterest in and lack of enjoyment of normal activities, and prolonged sadness. Major depressive disorder affects people on a daily basis in isolated or recurring episodes lasting several weeks. Symptoms of major

clinical psychology: The interview, in which the psychologist observes, questions, and interacts with a patient, is another tool of diagnosis.

Robert James Graves: His Clinical Lectures on the Practice of Medicine, published in 1848, are responsible for establishing his enduring reputation. Among the innovations introduced in the lectures were the timing of the pulse by watch and the practice of giving food and liquids to patients with fevers instead…

cluster analysis: In clinical medicine, it can be used to identify patients who have diseases with a common cause, patients who should receive the same treatment, or patients who should have the same level of response to treatment. In epidemiology, cluster analysis has many uses, such as finding…

nursing: Clinical nursing specialists: Clinical nursing specialists are prepared in universities at the master’s level. Their clinically focused education is in particular specialties, such as neurology, cardiology, rehabilitation, or psychiatry. Clinical nursing specialists may provide direct care to patients with complex nursing needs, or they

clinical psychology, branch of psychology concerned with the practical application of research methodologies and findings in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Clinical psychologists classify their basic activities under three main headings: assessment (including diagnosis),

medicine: Clinical research: The remarkable developments in medicine brought about in the 20th and 21st centuries, especially after World War II, were based on research either in the basic sciences related to medicine or in the clinical field. Advances in the use of radiation, nuclear energy,…

Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt: …the inventor of the short clinical thermometer. His investigations also led to the improved treatment of arterial diseases.

Carl Rogers: …University of Rochester and wrote The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (1939), based on his experience in working with troubled children. In 1940 he became a professor of clinical psychology at the Ohio State University, where he wrote Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942). In it Rogers suggested that clients, by…

clinical trial, formal testing of a specific treatment or other health-related intervention to determine its role in the standard care of individuals with a corresponding medical condition. Ideally, before new drugs and other treatments, diagnostic tests, or preventive measures are accepted for

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Clinidae (clinids) Eocene to present. Percoidlike fishes, some moderately elongated, rather flat-sided, usually with somewhat pointed snouts and fleshy lips; dorsal and anal fins rather high and long-based, with fin membranes conspicuously supported by thin, riblike fin rays; caudal fin fanlike, not large; pelvic fins ahead…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Clinidae (clinids) Eocene to present. Percoidlike fishes, some moderately elongated, rather flat-sided, usually with somewhat pointed snouts and fleshy lips; dorsal and anal fins rather high and long-based, with fin membranes conspicuously supported by thin, riblike fin rays; caudal fin fanlike, not large; pelvic fins ahead…

lava: …very irregular fragments commonly called clinkers. Aa lava flows are fed principally by rivers of liquid lava flowing in open channels. Typically, such a feeding river forms a narrow band that is 8 to 15 metres (25 to 50 feet) wide along the centre line of the flow, with broad…

cement: Manufacture of cement: …burned product, known as “clinker,” together with some 5 percent of gypsum (to control the time of set of the cement). The three processes of manufacture are known as the wet, dry, and semidry processes and are so termed when the raw materials are ground wet and fed to…

clinker construction, method of shipbuilding characteristic in north European waters during ancient and medieval times, in which the planks were overlapped and, in earlier times, usually joined by sewing. The earliest-known specimen, found in Als, Denmark, dates from about ad 300. The Viking ships

Humphry Clinker, fictional character, a poor, naive young man encountered by Matthew Bramble in the epistolary novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771) by Tobias

chlorite: The accepted names are: clinochlore (Mg-rich chlorite), chamosite (Fe-rich), nimite (Ni-rich), and pennantite (Mn-rich). Adjectival modifiers are used to indicate compositional variations. Cookeite (with lithium substituted for aluminum) is also a member of the chlorite group.

enstatite: …right angles to each other); clinoenstatite crystallizes in the monoclinic (three unequal axes with one oblique intersection). Clinoenstatite forms a series with clinoferrosilite that is analogous to the enstatite–ferrosilite series.

lake: Lake extinction: …the vertical distribution is called clinograde.

clinoptilolite, hydrated alkali aluminosilicate that is one of the most abundant minerals in the zeolite family. Its structure consists of an outer framework of silica and alumina tetrahedra, within which water molecules and exchangeable cations (e.g., calcium, potassium, sodium) migrate freely.

pyroxene: Crystal structure: …and monoclinic pyroxenes are called clinopyroxenes. The essential feature of all pyroxene structures is the linkage of the silicon-oxygen (SiO4) tetrahedrons by sharing two of the four corners to form continuous chains. The chains, which extend indefinitely parallel to the ccrystallographic axis, have the composition of (SiO3)n(Figure 1). A repeat…

Julius von Sachs: …this study he invented the clinostat, which measures the effects of such external agents as light and gravity on the movement of growing plants.

dace: …redside and rosyside daces (Clinostomus), which are black-banded fishes about 12 cm (4 34 inches) long found in the eastern and central United States; and several species of the genus Rhinichthys, among them the black-nosed dace (R. atratulus), a fine-scaled, black-banded, 7.5-centimetre-long fish found from New England to Minnesota,…

zoisite: …the same chemical formula as clinozoisite but has a different crystal structure. All varieties of zoisite have an orthorhombic crystalline structure, which is characterized by three mutually perpendicular axes that are unequal in length. For detailed physical properties, see silicate mineral (table).

Clinton, county, extreme northeastern New York state, U.S., bordered by Quebec, Canada, to the north, Vermont to the east (Lake Champlain constituting the boundary), and the Ausable River to the southeast. The terrain rises from lowlands in the northeast to the Adirondack Mountains in the

Clinton, city, seat (1869) of Clinton county, eastern Iowa, U.S. It lies along the Mississippi River (there bridged to Fulton and East Clinton, Illinois), about 40 miles (65 km) north-northeast of Davenport. The original settler, Joseph M. Bartlett, operated a trading store for Native Americans in

Clinton, city, Custer county, west-central Oklahoma, U.S., on the Washita River. It was founded in 1903 at Washita Junction after a protracted dispute over the right to purchase Indian land and was named for Judge Clinton Irwin, who had been instrumental in the city’s founding. A processing and

Oakland: History: …town of Clinton (later named Brooklyn). In 1851 Horace W. Carpentier started a trans-bay ferry service to San Francisco and acquired a town site (1852) to the west of Brooklyn, naming it Oakland for the oak trees on the grassy plain. Carpentier and his associates extended the area and incorporated…

Clinton, town (township), Worcester county, central Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the south branch of the Nashua River, just north of Wachusett Reservoir, 13 miles (21 km) north of Worcester. Settled in 1654 as part of Lancaster, it was separately incorporated in 1850 and named for the

Clinton, county, north-central Pennsylvania, U.S., located on the Allegheny Plateau. It is drained mainly by the West Branch Susquehanna River, which winds in a deep valley through the centre of the county, and Sinnemahoning, Kettle, Beech, Bald Eagle, Fishing, and Pine creeks. Recreation areas

Clinton, village in the town (township) of Kirkland, Oneida county, central New York, U.S. Clinton lies along Oriskany Creek, just southwest of Utica. It was settled in 1786 and named for George Clinton, then governor of New York. Samuel Kirkland founded Hamilton-Oneida Academy there in 1793 as a

Oak Ridge, city, Anderson and Roane counties, eastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies in a valley between the Cumberland and Great Smoky mountains, about 20 miles (30 km) west of Knoxville, and is a part of that city’s metropolitan area. A tract of land covering about 94 square miles (243 square km) was

Silurian Period: Clastic wedges: Collectively attributed to the Clinton Group, a variety of Upper Llandovery rocks with high iron content subsequently were deposited from New York to Alabama. These strata often contain marine fossils, but their iron was derived from Taconica. Tiny pellets, or oolites (rock composed of small calcium grains), coated with…

linear accelerator: …proton linac is at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility in Los Alamos, N.M., U.S.; it is 875 m (2,870 feet) long and accelerates protons to 800 million electron volts (800 megaelectron volts). For much of its length, this machine utilizes a structural variation, known as the side-coupled cavity…

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: The original firm, Clinton Pharmaceutical Co., was founded in Clinton, N.Y., in 1887 by William McLaren Bristol, Sr., and John R. Myers. It was incorporated as Bristol-Myers Company in 1900 and by then had moved from Clinton to Syracuse and then to Brooklyn. The company first made drugs…

Bill Clinton is the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), who oversaw the country’s longest peacetime economic expansion. In 1998 he became the second U.S. president to be impeached; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. (Read President Clinton’s Britannica essay on the Dayton

Chelsea Clinton is an American author, educator, and philanthropist who was perhaps best known as the only child of politicians Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), and Hillary Clinton, U.S. secretary of state (2009–13). Chelsea Clinton was born in the spotlight but

Chelsea Clinton is an American author, educator, and philanthropist who was perhaps best known as the only child of politicians Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), and Hillary Clinton, U.S. secretary of state (2009–13). Chelsea Clinton was born in the spotlight but

DeWitt Clinton was an American political leader who promulgated the idea of the Erie Canal, which connects the Hudson River to the Great Lakes. DeWitt Clinton was the nephew of Governor George Clinton of New York. A Republican (Jeffersonian) attorney, he served as state senator (1798–1802,

George Clinton was the fourth vice president of the United States (1805–12) in the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Clinton was the son of Charles Clinton, a farmer and surveyor, and Elizabeth Denniston. He served in the last French and Indian War (1756–63) and was a member of

George Clinton is a highly influential funk music singer, songwriter, and musician who organized and produced Parliament-Funkadelic, a genre-bending theatrical collective of performers who defined funk music in the 1970s. Clinton grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey. In 1955, while working at a

George Clinton is a highly influential funk music singer, songwriter, and musician who organized and produced Parliament-Funkadelic, a genre-bending theatrical collective of performers who defined funk music in the 1970s. Clinton grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey. In 1955, while working at a

Hillary Clinton is an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. senator (2001–09) and secretary of state (2009–13) in the administration of Pres. Barack Obama. She had served as first lady (1993–2001) during the administration of her husband, Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United

Hillary Clinton is an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. senator (2001–09) and secretary of state (2009–13) in the administration of Pres. Barack Obama. She had served as first lady (1993–2001) during the administration of her husband, Bill Clinton, 42nd president of the United

Sir Henry Clinton was the British commander in chief in America during the Revolutionary War. The son of George Clinton, a naval officer and administrator, Henry joined the New York militia in 1745 as a lieutenant. He went to London in 1749 and was commissioned in the British army in 1751. He was

Bill Clinton is the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), who oversaw the country’s longest peacetime economic expansion. In 1998 he became the second U.S. president to be impeached; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. (Read President Clinton’s Britannica essay on the Dayton

Bill Clinton is the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), who oversaw the country’s longest peacetime economic expansion. In 1998 he became the second U.S. president to be impeached; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. (Read President Clinton’s Britannica essay on the Dayton

mineral deposit: Iron deposits: …and chamosite and are called Clinton-type deposits. The geologic setting of Clinton-type deposits is very similar to Minette types, the most obvious difference being the presence of goethite in the Minettes and hematite in the Clintons. Clinton-type deposits are found in the Appalachians from Newfoundland to Alabama, and they are…

clintonite, mica mineral, a basic aluminosilicate of calcium, magnesium, and iron. It occurs in chlorite schist (with talc) and in altered limestones. Clintonite is the primary member of a group of micas (also including margarite) in which calcium substitutes for potassium and the silicon content

Clio, in Greek mythology, one of the nine Muses, patron of history. Traditionally Clio, after reprimanding the goddess Aphrodite for her passionate love for Adonis, was punished by Aphrodite, who made her fall in love with Pierus, king of Macedonia. From that union, in some accounts, was born

L.H. Myers: His next novel, The Clio (1925), reflected the then-fashionable ideas of Aldous Huxley. His major work, an Indian tetralogy set in the late 16th century at the time of Akbar the Great, consists of The Near and the Far (1929), Prince Jali (1931), The Root and the Flower…

cliometrics, Application of economic theory and statistical analysis to the study of history, developed by Robert W. Fogel (b. 1926) and Douglass C. North (b. 1920), who were awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1993 for their work. In Time on the Cross (1974), Fogel used statistical analysis

clionid: Cliona sulphurea, common in coastal waters from New England to South Carolina, is bright yellow and lives on the shells of both dead and living mollusks.

sponge: Biochemical aspects: , clionasterol, poriferasterol) are found only in sponges; others (e.g., cholesterol) are common in other animals. Numerous carotenoid pigments occur in sponges, and melanin, chlorophyll, and phycoerythrin derived from algal symbionts and from the diet also occur. Sponges accumulate silicon, calcium, and considerable quantities of metals.…

clionid, any member of the sponge family Clionidae (class Demospongiae, phylum Porifera), noted for its ability to dissolve and bore into calcium-containing substances, such as limestone, coral, and mollusk shells. Clionid sponges occur in all oceans. The microscopic clionid larva attaches itself

clionid, any member of the sponge family Clionidae (class Demospongiae, phylum Porifera), noted for its ability to dissolve and bore into calcium-containing substances, such as limestone, coral, and mollusk shells. Clionid sponges occur in all oceans. The microscopic clionid larva attaches itself

small arm: Magazine repeaters: …by a device called a clip, a light metal openwork box that held five cartridges and fed them up into the chamber through the action of a spring as each spent case was ejected. Other magazine rifles, such as the Mauser, used a different loading device, called a charger. This…

Thomas Blackburn: In his autobiographical novel, A Clip of Steel (1969), he depicts a childhood tormented by a tense and repressive father, his own breakdown in his early twenties, and his successful psychoanalysis. Blackburn’s first notable volume of verse was The Holy Stone (1954). His later volumes include A Smell of…

airport: Evolution of airports: …the large seaplanes known as flying boats or clippers. These aircraft, though slow and of limited range, offered a level of comfort that was necessary for long-distance travel. Air terminal facilities were necessarily constructed close to large open stretches of water. La Guardia Airport and Santos Dumont Airport in Rio…

clipper ship, classic sailing ship of the 19th century, renowned for its beauty, grace, and speed. Apparently starting from the small, swift coastal packet known as the Baltimore clipper, the true clipper evolved first in American and later in British yards. In its ultimate form it was a long,

Clipperton Fracture Zone, submarine fracture zone, 4,500 miles (7,240 km) in length, defined by one of the major transform faults dissecting the northern part of the East Pacific Rise in the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Discovered and delineated by expeditions of the Scripps Institution of

Clipperton Island, uninhabited French island in the eastern Pacific Ocean, 1,800 miles (2,900 km) west of Panama and 1,300 miles (2,090 km) southwest of Mexico. It is a roughly circular coral atoll (2 square miles [5 square km]), barely 10 feet (3 m) high in most places but with a promontory 70

Olivier de Clisson was a military commander who served England, France, and Brittany during the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) and ultimately did much to keep Brittany within the French sphere of influence. Brought up in England, Clisson fought on the English side for the Breton duke John IV (or V;

Cleisthenes of Athens was a statesman regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy, serving as chief archon (highest magistrate) of Athens (525–524). Cleisthenes successfully allied himself with the popular Assembly against the nobles (508) and imposed democratic reform. Perhaps his most important