anthrax: Anthrax in humans and animals: , ciprofloxacin) are used with excellent results. The hazard of infection to industrial workers can be reduced by sterilization of potentially contaminated material before handling, wearing of protective clothing, use of respirators, and sanitizing of facilities. Agricultural workers can be safeguarded by vaccination and by avoiding…

anthrax: Anthrax in humans and animals: , ciprofloxacin) are used with excellent results. The hazard of infection to industrial workers can be reduced by sterilization of potentially contaminated material before handling, wearing of protective clothing, use of respirators, and sanitizing of facilities. Agricultural workers can be safeguarded by vaccination and by avoiding…

Cipszer, a Germanic people formerly living in a region of present-day north-central Slovakia known as Špis (Hungarian: Szepes; German: Zips). The Cipszers originated in the lower Rhine region, Flanders, Saxony, and Silesia. King Géza II (ruled 1141–62) of Hungary moved them to the Szepes area in

igneous rock: Classification of igneous rocks: …mineral composition is called the norm, and the minerals constituting the standard set are termed normative minerals, since they are ordinarily found in igneous rocks. The rock under analysis may then be classified according to the calculated proportions of the normative minerals.

igneous rock: Classification of igneous rocks: In this method, the mineral composition of the rock is recalculated into a standard set of typically occurring minerals that theoretically could have developed from the complete equilibrium crystallization at low temperatures of a magma of the indicated bulk composition. The calculated hypothetical mineral composition is called…

circadian rhythm, the cyclical 24-hour period of human biological activity. Within the circadian (24-hour) cycle, a person usually sleeps approximately 8 hours and is awake 16. During the wakeful hours, mental and physical functions are most active and tissue cell growth increases. During sleep,

enchanter’s nightshade, any herbaceous perennial plant of the genus Circaea, in the evening primrose family (Onagraceae), that occurs in damp woodlands of the Northern Hemisphere. The plants have slender stems with opposite leaves. The small, white, two-petaled flowers grow in clusters, and the

Ranunculales: Circaeasteraceae contains one genus with a single species native to China, Nepal, and Buhtan. Circaeaster agrestis is a small herb with dichotomously veined leaves and small flowers with separate carpels.

eagle: The harrier eagles, six species of Circaetus (subfamily Circaetinae, serpent eagles), of Europe, Asia, and Africa, are about 60 cm (24 inches) long and have short unfeathered legs. They nest in the tops of trees and hunt snakes.

Mount Circeo, isolated promontory, Latina provincia, Lazio (Latium) regione, on the southwestern coast of Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea, just northwest of the Gulf of Gaeta. It consists of a conspicuous ridge of limestone, 3.5 miles (6 km) long by 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, rising to a height of 1,775

Cherkessia, historic region of Russia at the western end of the Greater Caucasus Range on the Black Sea. It derives its name from the Circassian (Russian: Cherkess) people. From ancient times Cherkessia acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires.

Circassian, member of a Caucasian people speaking a northwest Caucasian language (see Kabardian language). From ancient times Circassia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires. The

Mamluk: The Mamluk dynasty: …and the latter the “Burjī,” because of the political dominance of the regiments known by these names during the respective times. The contemporary Muslim historians referred to the same divisions as the “Turkish” and “Circassian” periods, in order to call attention to the change in ethnic origin of the…

English walnut, (Juglans regia), valuable nut and timber tree of the family Juglandaceae, native to Iran. The English walnut is cultivated extensively for its fine-quality edible seeds, sold commercially as walnuts. The dark fine-grained wood, similar to that of black walnut (Juglans nigra), is

Reinhard Keiser: In his last, Circe (1734), there were 21 German arias and 23 Italian arias, some written by Leonardo Leo, Johann Adolf Hasse, and George Frideric Handel. Keiser’s works show French influence in their ballet scenes. Unlike the Neapolitan operas, but like those of the earlier Venetian style, they…

Circe, in Greek legend, a sorceress, the daughter of Helios, the sun god, and of the ocean nymph Perse. She was able by means of drugs and incantations to change humans into wolves, lions, and swine. The Greek hero Odysseus visited her island, Aeaea, with his companions, whom she changed into

Mount Circeo: The modern village of San Felice Circeo, toward the eastern end of the promontory, occupies the site of the ancient Circeii, a fortress of the ancient Volsci people that became a Roman colony in 393 bc and a popular summer residence in the Roman imperial period. During the Middle…

Mount Circeo, isolated promontory, Latina provincia, Lazio (Latium) regione, on the southwestern coast of Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea, just northwest of the Gulf of Gaeta. It consists of a conspicuous ridge of limestone, 3.5 miles (6 km) long by 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, rising to a height of 1,775

Chirchiq, industrial city, eastern Uzbekistan. It lies along the Chirchiq River, 20 miles (30 km) northeast of Tashkent. Chirchiq was created in 1935 from several villages that developed with the construction of the Chirchiq hydroelectric power station and a large electrochemical works producing

harrier, any of about 11 species of hawks of the subfamily Circinae (family Accipitridae). They are plain-looking, long-legged, and long-tailed birds of slender build that cruise low over meadows and marshes looking for mice, snakes, frogs, small birds, and insects. Harriers are about 50 cm (20

Circinus, constellation in the southern sky at about 15 hours right ascension and 60° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Circini, with a magnitude of 3.2. The Circinus Galaxy is one of the nearest Seyfert galaxies at a distance of about 13 million light-years. The French astronomer

circle, geometrical curve, one of the conic sections, consisting of the set of all points the same distance (the radius) from a given point (the centre). A line connecting any two points on a circle is called a chord, and a chord passing through the centre is called a diameter. The distance around

ring: …consists of three parts: the circle, or hoop; the shoulders; and the bezel. The circle can have a circular, semicircular, or square cross-section, or it can be shaped as a flat band. The shoulders consist of a thickening or enlargement of the circle wide enough to support the bezel. The…

Naum Gabo: …by editing the collective manifesto Circle in 1937 with the abstract painter Ben Nicholson. Curves replaced angles in Gabo’s new spatial constructions made of taut wire and plastic thread. He moved to the United States in 1946, and in 1953–54 he taught at the Harvard Graduate School of Architecture. During…

country dance: …in three characteristic formations: (1) circular, for an indefinite number of couples (“round” dances), (2) “longways” set, double-file line for an indefinite number of couples, men on one side, women on the other, and (3) geometric formations (e.g., squares, triangles) or sets, usually for two, three, or four couples. The…

folk dance: Dancing for enlightenment: The Circle Dance phenomenon was developed by the German dancer Bernard Wosien, who encountered circle-type folk dances in his European travels and was impressed with the spirituality they inspired in him. He found an established spiritual and ecological community at Findhorn, Scotland, and joined the group…

Margaret Atwood: …poetry collections, Double Persephone (1961), The Circle Game (1964, revised in 1966), and The Animals in That Country (1968), Atwood ponders human behaviour, celebrates the natural world, and condemns materialism. Role reversal and new beginnings are recurrent themes in her novels, all of them centred on women seeking their relationship…

Edward Hoagland: Army (1955–57), he wrote The Circle Home (1960), set in the seedy world of prizefighting, and The Peacock’s Tail (1965). Both novels are noted for their sympathetic portrayals of impoverished, struggling people. His fourth novel, Seven Rivers West (1986), tells of the cultural collision between white railroad builders and…

José Quintero: …theatrical director and cofounder of Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City’s Greenwich Village. This theatre’s productions sparked the growth of off Broadway into a nationally important theatre movement. Quintero’s stagings of the plays of Eugene O’Neill brought about a worldwide rebirth of interest in O’Neill’s work.

Kiwanis International: …International, for high-school students, and Circle K International, for college students. Kiwanis International’s headquarters are located in Indianapolis, Ind.

Ai Weiwei: Tax evasion allegations and a career retrospective of Ai Weiwei: …in detention, his public installation Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads, which featured bronze sculptures inspired by the Chinese zodiac, was unveiled in New York City and London. The work had been created for the São Paulo Biennial in 2010.

Klabund: …renderings include Der Kreidekreis (1924; The Circle of Chalk), a drama that inspired the German playwright Bertolt Brecht to write his play Der kaukasische Kreidekreis (The Caucasian Chalk Circle).

aberration: …smallest size known as the circle of least confusion. The image most free of spherical aberration is found at this distance.

Volker Schlöndorff: …the film Die Fälschung (1981; Circle of Deceit), made on location in war-torn Beirut; a television production of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1985), starring Dustin Hoffman; and well-received adaptations of novels by Marcel Proust (Swann in Love, 1984) and Margaret Atwood (The

key: The circle of fifths is an efficient way to visualize keys, key signatures, and relationships between keys. Beginning at C, the top position, and proceeding clockwise, the keynotes ascend by perfect fifths (as in the tonic–dominant relationship). Each advance adds a sharp to the key—or, equivalently,…

Colin Firth: Zero (1988), Valmont (1989), and Circle of Friends (1995).

Maeve Binchy: …events that led them there; Circle of Friends (1991; film 1995), about a pair of friends who attend university in Dublin; Tara Road (1998; film 2005), in which two women—one Irish, one American—try to improve their lives by trading houses; and Nights of Rain and Stars (2004), a tale of…

Amitav Ghosh: His first novel, The Circle of Reason (1986), follows an Indian protagonist who, suspected of being a terrorist, leaves India for northern Africa and the Middle East. Blending elements of fable and picaresque fiction, it is distinctly postcolonial in its marginalization of Europe and postmodern in its nonlinear…

Jules Dassin: Blacklist and exile: His last film, Circle of Two (1980), a drama about the relationship between a teenager (Tatum O’Neal) and a much-older painter (Richard Burton), was not well received. It was an unfortunate ending for the career of a resourceful if erratic director whose impact might have been greater had…

human cardiovascular system: The aorta and its principal branches: …considered as branches of the circle of Willis, which is made up of the two vertebral and the two internal carotid arteries and connecting arteries between them.

N. Scott Momaday: …Poems, 1961–1991 appeared in 1992, Circle of Wonder: A Native American Christmas Story in 1994, and The Man Made of Words: Essays, Stories, Passages in 1997. In 1999 Momaday published In the Bear’s House, a collection of paintings, poems, and short stories that examines spirituality among modern Kiowa. His other…

Lanford Wilson: …founded the Circle Theater (later Circle Repertory Company), a regional theatre in New York City. Wilson remained involved with Circle Repertory until 1996, when it closed. Wilson achieved commercial success with The Great Nebula in Orion (1971), The Hot l Baltimore (1973; adapted for television 1975), and The Mound Builders…

education: Organization of education: …contained several study circles (ḥalqah), so named because the teacher was, as a rule, seated on a dais or cushion with the pupils gathered in a semicircle before him. The more advanced a student, the closer he was seated to the teacher. The mosque circles varied in approach, course…

Moorish Science Temple of America: …group’s sacred text was the Holy Koran, which was distinct from the Qurʾān of orthodox Islam and which members considered to have been divinely revealed by Allah to Drew Ali. The work begins with a long narrative spanning from the Fall of Man to the Resurrection of Jesus; it includes…

Jafar Panahi: …political turn with Dayereh (2000; The Circle), about women in contemporary Iran. Two of the central characters are convicts escaping from prison, which allowed Panahi to point out the irony that they had exchanged their small jail for what some would consider the larger jail that is being a woman…

Dave Eggers: …social media in the novel The Circle (2013), which chronicles the travails of a young initiate at a deceptively utopian technology conglomerate; he later cowrote the script for the film adaptation (2017). In 2021 Eggers published a sequel, The Every.

Dave Eggers: …cowrote the script for the film adaptation (2017). In 2021 Eggers published a sequel, The Every.

Elaine Feinstein: …was preceded by a novel, The Circle (1970).

surveying: History: The development of the circle-dividing engine about 1775, a device for dividing a circle into degrees with great accuracy, brought one of the greatest advances in surveying methods, as it enabled angle measurements to be made with portable instruments far more accurately than had previously been possible.

listeriosis, disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. The bacterium has been isolated from humans and from more than 50 species of wild and domestic animals, including mammals, birds, fish, crustaceans, and ticks. It has also been isolated from environmental sources such as animal

Mary Gordon: …Seeing Through Places (2000), and Circling My Mother (2007).

RNA: Types and functions of RNA: Circular RNA (circRNA) is unique from other RNA types because its 5′ and 3′ ends are bonded together, creating a loop. The circRNAs are generated from many protein-encoding genes, and some can serve as templates for protein synthesis, similar to mRNA. They can also bind…

combinatorics: Directed graphs: A closed path in a directed graph is a sequence of vertices x0x1x2 · · · xn = x0, such that (xi, xi + 1) is a directed edge for i = 0, 1, · · ·, n − 1. To each edge (x, y) of…

electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current. An electric circuit includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles constituting the current, such as a battery or a generator; devices that use current, such as lamps, electric motors, or computers; and the connecting wires or

China: Unification: The empire was divided into circuits, which were units of supervision rather than administration. Within these circuits, intendants were charged with overseeing the civil administration. Below these intendants were the actual administrators. These included prefects, whose positions were divided into several grades according to an area’s size and importance. Below…

integrated circuit: The final package: …when looking at a computer’s circuit board. The plastic packages have metal connection pins that connect the outside world (such as a computer board) to the proper contact points on the die through holes in the passivation layer.

circuit breaker, automatic switch in an electric circuit. Its function is similar to that of a fuse—to open the circuit if abnormal current conditions occur, usually overloads—but it is not destroyed in operation and can be closed again. The simplest circuit breakers are operated by a solenoid that

circuit court, one of many titles for judicial tribunals, usually applied to trial courts of general jurisdiction but occasionally, as with the United States Court of Appeals, to intermediate appellate courts. The title originally referred to a court that made a circuit traveling through the

Supreme Court of the United States: Size, membership, and organization: …this problem, Congress passed the Circuit Court of Appeals Act (1891), which established nine intermediate courts with final authority over appeals from federal district courts, except when the case in question was of exceptional public importance. The Judiciary Act of 1925 (popularly known as the Judges’ Bill), which was sponsored…

circuit rider, Methodist ministerial role that was originated in England by John Wesley. The first of the American circuit riders was Robert Strawbridge, who arrived in the colonies in 1764. A few years later Wesley sent missionaries to the American colonies, but most of them departed when

circuit riding, In the U.S., the act, once undertaken by a judge, of traveling within a judicial district (or circuit) to facilitate the hearing of cases. The practice was largely abandoned with the establishment of permanent courthouses and laws requiring parties to appear before a sitting

telecommunications network: Switched communications network: In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated physical path is established through the network and is held for as long as communication is necessary. An example of this type of network is the traditional (analog) telephone system. A packet-switched network, on the other hand, routes digital data in…

Clementine literature: …on an earlier work, the Circuits of Peter, attested by St. Epiphanius and probably mentioned by the ecclesiastical historian Eusebius of Caesarea and by Origen, the theologian of the Greek church (early 3rd century). The Homilies are important for the information they give on Jewish-Christian heresy in the early centuries…

Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama: …the French government issued the circulaire Michel, which forbade members of the association from preaching in the mosques. The association, however, did not curtail its activities, even with the arrest of ben Badis in 1938. Sheikh Muḥammad al-Bashīr al-Ibrāhīmī succeeded ben Badis upon his death in 1940. During the Algerian…

bridge: Roman arch bridges: …famous for using the circular arch form, which allowed for spans much longer than stone beams and for bridges of more permanence than wood. Where several arches were necessary for longer bridges, the building of strong piers was critical. This was a problem when the piers could not be built…

circular argument, logical fallacy in which the premise of an argument assumes the conclusion to be true. A circular argument’s premise explicitly or implicitly assumes that its conclusion is true rather than providing any supporting statements. If the conclusion and premise were switched, the

circular breathing, in music, a technique used by performers on certain wind instruments to maintain a continuous sound. Inhaling only through the nose, the player fills the lungs, then reserves air in the mouth to use in blowing on the instrument. The cheeks often visibly bulge and collapse during

rocket and missile system: Design principles: …usually measured by a missile’s circular error of probability (CEP) and bias. CEP uses the mean point of impact of missile test firings, usually taken at maximum range, to calculate the radius of a circle that would take in 50 percent of the impact points. Bias measures the deviation of…

rocket and missile system: Design principles: …usually measured by a missile’s circular error of probability (CEP) and bias. CEP uses the mean point of impact of missile test firings, usually taken at maximum range, to calculate the radius of a circle that would take in 50 percent of the impact points. Bias measures the deviation of…

trigonometric function, in mathematics, one of six functions (sine [sin], cosine [cos], tangent [tan], cotangent [cot], secant [sec], and cosecant [csc]) that represent ratios of sides of right triangles. These six trigonometric functions in relation to a right triangle are displayed in the figure.

graph: …part-to-whole relationship by using a circular graph, in which a circle is divided into sections, and where the size, or angle, of each sector is directly proportional to the percentage of the whole it represents. Such a graph would show the same relative population sizes as the bar graph, but…

Stanley, town, northwestern Tasmania, Australia. It is situated on the eastern shore of Circular Head, a promontory extending into Bass Strait. From 1826 it was the hub of the settlement of the Van Diemen’s Land Company in that part of the state. First called Circular Head, the town was renamed in

hand tool: Plumb line, level, and square: The circular level, in which a bubble floated under a circular glass to indicate level in all directions, was invented in 1777. It lacked the sensitivity of the conventional level.

mechanics: Circular motion: Consider a particle moving along the perimeter of a circle at a uniform rate, such that it makes one complete revolution every hour. To describe the motion mathematically, a vector is constructed from the centre of the circle to the particle. The vector…

Beijing: Public and commercial buildings: …of the enclosure lies the Circular Mound Altar, built in 1530 and rebuilt in 1749. The triple-tiered white stone terrace is enclosed by two sets of walls that are square outside and round inside; thus, the whole structure forms an elaborate and integrated geometric pattern. The inner terrace is 16…

muscle: Muscle in soft animals: …along the body, and the circular fibres encircle it. The body contents are liquids or tissues that can be deformed into different shapes, but they maintain a constant volume. If longitudinal muscles contract and the body shortens, it must widen to accommodate its volume; if the circular muscles contract and…

mechanics: Circular orbits: The detailed behaviour of real orbits is the concern of celestial mechanics (see the article celestial mechanics). This section treats only the idealized, uniform circular orbit of a planet such as Earth about a central body such as the Sun. In fact, Earth’s…

radiation: Double refraction: Circular polarization is a special case of elliptic polarization in which the so-described ellipse degenerates into a circle.

Sydney: Early settlement: He called it Sydney Cove, for the home secretary. Present-day Sydney Cove is still the city’s heart, though it is now more commonly known as Circular Quay.

collective behaviour: Interaction theories: …associates collective behaviour with “circular reaction,” a type of interaction in which each person reacts by repeating the action or mirroring the sentiment of another person, thereby intensifying the action or sentiment in the originator. Blumer adds a subtlety to this theory by sharply distinguishing circular reaction from “interpretative…

RNA: Types and functions of RNA: Circular RNA (circRNA) is unique from other RNA types because its 5′ and 3′ ends are bonded together, creating a loop. The circRNAs are generated from many protein-encoding genes, and some can serve as templates for protein synthesis, similar to mRNA. They can also bind…

saw: The portable electric circular saw, with the blade attached to a motor shaft, is probably the most commonly used saw, particularly by home handymen. With the proper blade it can cut almost any material—wood, metals, plastics, fibreglass, cement block, slate, and brick. On wood it can rip, crosscut,…

detective story: …among them Mary Roberts Rinehart’s The Circular Staircase (1908) and G.K. Chesterton’s The Innocence of Father Brown (1911) and other novels with the clerical detective. From 1920 on, the names of many fictional detectives became household words: Inspector French, introduced in Freeman Wills Crofts’s The Cask (1920); Hercule Poirot, in…

Western architecture: Types of public buildings: The Romans built many circular temples. Among the most important remaining examples of these are the temples of Vesta and Mater Matuta in Rome, Vesta at Tivoli, and Venus at Baalbek. The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity, and in many respects the most important Roman building, is the…

economic stabilizer: Monetary policy: The simplest relationship between income and the demand for money would be: Md = kY. Here, k is a constant. Since Y is a flow (measured per year) and Md a stock (the average stock of money over the year), k has the dimension of a “storage…

sound: Circular and spherical waves: …a two-dimensional plane wave and circular wave. The insightful point suggested by the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens is that all the wavelets of Figure 2A and 2B, including those not shown but originating between those that are shown, form a new coherent wave that moves along at the speed of…

library: Circulation: …faculties, but the notion of lending, or circulating, libraries did not become popular until the 18th century.

angiosperm: Evolution of the transport process: This internal circulation, usually called transport, is present in all vascular plants, even the most primitive ones.

architecture: Circulation: Communication among differentiated spaces and between the exterior and the interior may be achieved by openings alone in the simplest plans, but most buildings require distinct spaces allotted to horizontal and vertical circulation (corridors, lobbies, stairs, ramps, elevators, etc.). These are designed by the…

estuary: …a special kind of water circulation that traps plant nutrients and stimulates primary production. Fresh water, being lighter than salt water, tends to form a distinct layer that floats at the surface of the estuary. At the boundary between fresh and salt water, there is a certain amount of mixing…

history of publishing: Magazine advertising economics: …are maintained on a falling circulation, it is the advertisers who lose, until they withdraw their support.

circulation, in anatomy and physiology, the continuous movement of blood throughout the body, driven by the pumping action of the heart. The circulation of the blood links the sites of oxygen utilization and uptake in the body; thus, it is critical to ensuring that oxygen-rich blood reaches tissues

atmospheric circulation, any atmospheric flow used to refer to the general circulation of the Earth and regional movements of air around areas of high and low pressure. On average, this circulation corresponds to large-scale wind systems arranged in several east–west belts that encircle the Earth.

economic stabilizer: Monetary policy: The simplest relationship between income and the demand for money would be: Md = kY. Here, k is a constant. Since Y is a flow (measured per year) and Md a stock (the average stock of money over the year), k has the dimension of a “storage…

shock, in physiology, failure of the circulatory system to supply sufficient blood to peripheral tissues to meet basic metabolic requirements for oxygen and nutrients and the incomplete removal of metabolic wastes from the affected tissues. Shock is usually caused by hemorrhage or overwhelming

circulatory system, system that transports nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic products throughout a living organism, permitting integration among the various tissues. The process of circulation includes the intake of metabolic materials, the conveyance of these materials throughout the

curly top: …Europe, and Asia by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenullus) and in South America by Agalliana ensigera, which overwinter on wild plant hosts and in the spring migrate to sugar beet fields, their preferred hosts. The disease may be avoided by planting a thick stand as early as possible or when…

José Agustín: …works include the prizewinning play Círculo vicioso (1974; “Vicious Circle”) and the award-winning novel Ciudades desiertas (1982; “Deserted Cities”). In 1985 Agustín published an autobiography, El rock de la cárcel (“Jailhouse Rock”); a collection of essays, La nueva música clásica (“The New Classical Music”); and the novels Ahí viene la…

history of logic: Principia Mathematica and its aftermath: …broader kind resulted from the vicious circle that arises when an object is defined by means of quantifiers whose values include the defined object itself. Russell’s paradox itself incorporates such a self-referring, or “impredicative,” definition; the injunction to avoid them was called by Russell the “vicious circle principle.” It was…

Ring of Fire, long horseshoe-shaped seismically active belt of earthquake epicentres, volcanoes, and tectonic plate boundaries that fringes the Pacific basin. For much of its 40,000-km (24,900-mile) length, the belt follows chains of island arcs such as Tonga and New Hebrides, the Indonesian