Vicente Blasco Ibáñez: …such as La bodega (1906; The Fruit of the Vine, 1919), are held to have suffered from a heavy ideological treatment of serious social problems. More popular novels, Sangre y arena (1909; Blood and Sand, 1922); La maja desnuda (1906; Woman Triumphant); his best known, Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis;…

Western painting: Spain and Portugal: His early bodegones (scenes of daily life with strong elements of still life in the composition) were painted in Seville and belong to the Spanish realist tradition, but at court he saw the Titians collected by Philip II and also Rubens’ paintings. After he visited Italy in…

Havana: Cultural life: The most popular is Bodeguita del Medio, once a hangout of Ernest Hemingway. La Floridita, also renowned for its Hemingway associations, claims to be the “birthplace of the daiquiri.” In the kitchens of Habanero families, rice, black beans, and bananas are common staples. Although numerous food products are available…

Jehan Bodel was a jongleur, epic poet, author of fabliaux, and dramatist, whose Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas (“Play of St. Nicholas”) is the first miracle play in French. Bodel probably held public office in Arras and certainly belonged to one of its puys, or literary confraternities. He planned to go

Jehan Bodel was a jongleur, epic poet, author of fabliaux, and dramatist, whose Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas (“Play of St. Nicholas”) is the first miracle play in French. Bodel probably held public office in Arras and certainly belonged to one of its puys, or literary confraternities. He planned to go

Po River, longest river in Italy, rising in the Monte Viso group of the Cottian Alps on Italy’s western frontier and emptying into the Adriatic Sea in the east after a course of 405 miles (652 km). Its drainage basin covers 27,062 square miles (70,091 square km), forming Italy’s widest and most

Maxwell Bodenheim was a poet who contributed to the development of the Modernist movement in American poetry but is best remembered for his long career as a personality in literary bohemia. Largely self-educated, Bodenheim appeared in Chicago around 1913, during the period of the Chicago

Maxwell Bodenheim was a poet who contributed to the development of the Modernist movement in American poetry but is best remembered for his long career as a personality in literary bohemia. Largely self-educated, Bodenheim appeared in Chicago around 1913, during the period of the Chicago

Lake Constance, lake bordering Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and occupying an old glacier basin at an elevation of 1,299 feet (396 m). It has an area of 209 square miles (541 square km) and is about 40 miles (65 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide, with an average depth of 295 feet (90 m)

Friedrich Martin von Bodenstedt was a German writer, translator, and critic whose poetry had great popularity during his lifetime. As a young man Bodenstedt obtained an appointment as head of a school in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia), where he made a study of Persian literature. His Die Lieder des

furniture industry: The art of chairmaking: These bodgers, as they were called, made only the turned parts and delivered them to chairmaking firms for assembling. They had no overhead expenses, no power costs, and the only lighting they needed in winter was an oil lamp or candles. They were long able to…

Bodh Gaya, town, southwestern Bihar state, northeastern India. It is situated west of the Phalgu River, a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River. Bodh Gaya contains one of the holiest of Buddhist sites: the location where, under the sacred pipal, or Bo tree, Gautama Buddha (Prince Siddhartha)

Mahabodhi Temple, one of the holiest sites of Buddhism, marking the spot of the Buddha’s Enlightenment (Bodhi). It is located in Bodh Gaya (in central Bihar state, northeastern India) on the banks of the Niranjana River. The Mahabodhi Temple is one of the oldest brick temples in India. The original

Indian philosophy: Fragments from the Mandukya-karika until Shankara: … referred to the vrittis by Bodhayana and Upavarsha (the two may indeed be the same person). There are, however, pre-Shankara monistic interpreters of the scriptures, three of whom are important: Bhartrihari, Mandana (both mentioned earlier), and Gaudapada. Shankara referred to Gaudapada as the teacher of his own teacher Govinda, complimented…

bodhi, (Sanskrit and Pāli: “awakening,” “enlightenment”), in Buddhism, the final Enlightenment, which puts an end to the cycle of transmigration and leads to Nirvāṇa, or spiritual release; the experience is comparable to the Satori of Zen Buddhism in Japan. The accomplishment of this “awakening”

India: The Andhras and their successors: The Bodhis ruled briefly in the northwestern Deccan. The Brihatphalayanas came to power at the end of the 3rd century in the Masulipatam area. In these regions the Satavahana pattern of administration continued; many of the rulers had matronymics (names derived from that of the mother…

Bodhi tree, according to Buddhist tradition, the specific sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) under which the Buddha sat when he attained Enlightenment (Bodhi) at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, India. The Mahabodhi Temple, which marks the place of the Buddha’s Enlightenment, features a descendant of the original

Mahayana: Bodhisattva: …aspire to achieve awakening (bodhicittot-pada) and thereby become a bodhisattva. For Mahayana Buddhism, awakening consists in understanding the true nature of reality. While non-Mahayana doctrine emphasizes the absence of the self in persons, Mahayana thought extends this idea to all things. The radical extension of the common Buddhist doctrine…

Bodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who, according to tradition, is credited with establishing the Zen branch of Mahayana Buddhism. The accounts of Bodhidharma’s life are largely legendary, and historical sources are practically nonexistent. Two very brief contemporary accounts disagree on his age (one

bodhisattva, in Buddhism, one who seeks awakening (bodhi)—hence, an individual on the path to becoming a buddha. In early Indian Buddhism and in some later traditions—including Theravada, at present the major form of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and other parts of Southeast Asia—the term bodhisattva was

bodhisattva, in Buddhism, one who seeks awakening (bodhi)—hence, an individual on the path to becoming a buddha. In early Indian Buddhism and in some later traditions—including Theravada, at present the major form of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and other parts of Southeast Asia—the term bodhisattva was

Bodhisattva Padmapani, mural painting by an unknown artist that is believed to date from the late 5th century. The mural is in Cave 1 of the Ajanta Caves, located in Maharashtra state, western India, and it reflects the beauty and classical sophistication of the arts of India’s Gupta dynasty. The

Buddhism: Tiantai/Tendai: …salvation for themselves alone; and bodhisattvayana, the way of those (the bodhisattvas) who, on the point of attaining salvation, give it up to work for the salvation of all other beings. All are forms of the one way, the buddhayana, and the aim for all is to become a buddha.

Kathmandu: …the great white dome of Bodhnath, a Buddhist shrine revered by Tibetan Buddhists. The surrounding Kathmandu Valley, noted for its vast historic and cultural importance, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979. Vulnerable to urban sprawl, it was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in…

hogfish: The spotfin hogfish and the Spanish hogfish belong to the genus Bodianus and occupy the same geographic range as L. maximus. The Spanish hogfish attains a length of 61 cm and, when young, are known to clean other fishes of external parasites.

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibetic languages: The Tibetic (also called the Bodic, from Bod, the Tibetan name for Tibet) division comprises the Bodish-Himalayish, Kirantish, and Mirish language groups.

Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon was an English leader in the movement for the education and political rights of women who was instrumental in founding Girton College, Cambridge. In 1857 Barbara Smith married an eminent French physician, Eugène Bodichon, continuing, however, to lead the movements that

ghost town: The towns of Bodie and Calico in the state of California fall into this category. Today, tourists regularly flock to both of these well-preserved ghost towns.

Cape Hatteras National Seashore: …scenic coastal area situated on Bodie, Hatteras, and Ocracoke islands along the Outer Banks, eastern North Carolina, U.S. The park, the country’s first national seashore, was authorized in 1937 and established in 1953. It has a total area of 47 square miles (122 square km). The three narrow barrier islands…

John Rechy: …other novels included Rushes (1979), Bodies and Souls (1983), Marilyn’s Daughter (1988), Our Lady of Babylon (1996), The Coming of the Night (1999), The Life and Adventures of Lyle Clemens (2003), After the Blue Hour (2017), and Pablo! (2018). In addition, he published the

Judith Butler: …Identity (1990), and its sequel, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’ (1993), Butler built upon the familiar cultural-theoretic assumption that gender is socially constructed (the result of socialization, broadly conceived) rather than innate and that conventional notions of gender and sexuality serve to perpetuate the traditional domination…

eggshell porcelain, Chinese porcelain characterized by an excessively thin body under the glaze. It often had decoration engraved on it before firing that, like a watermark in paper, was visible only when held to the light; such decoration is called anhua, meaning literally “secret language.”

The Awakening: Context and analysis: Also called bodily autonomy, self-ownership was a key tenet of 19th-century feminism. It signified a woman’s right to have control over her own body and identity. So-called first-wave feminists argued that women could gain their freedom only by refusing to allow other people—namely, men—to exercise control over their bodies.…

Jean Bodin was a French political philosopher whose exposition of the principles of stable government was widely influential in Europe at a time when medieval systems were giving way to centralized states. He is widely credited with introducing the concept of sovereignty into legal and political

Po River, longest river in Italy, rising in the Monte Viso group of the Cottian Alps on Italy’s western frontier and emptying into the Adriatic Sea in the east after a course of 405 miles (652 km). Its drainage basin covers 27,062 square miles (70,091 square km), forming Italy’s widest and most

Sino-Tibetan languages: Classification: …present their subdivisions (such as Bodish, Himalayish, Kirantish, Burmish, Kachinish, and Kukish) should be considered as the classificatory peaks around which other Sino-Tibetan languages group themselves as members or more or less distant relatives. Certainly the stage has not yet been reached in which definite boundaries can be laid down…

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibetic languages: …for Tibet) division comprises the Bodish-Himalayish, Kirantish, and Mirish language groups.

Bodleian Library, library of the University of Oxford, one of the oldest and most important nonlending reference libraries in Great Britain. A legal deposit library entitled to free copies of all books printed in Great Britain, the Bodleian is particularly rich in Oriental manuscripts and

calligraphy: Origins to the 8th century ce: …period,” see below) or the Bodleian Library Homer can stand comparison with any later vellum manuscript from outside Egypt. Book texts are written in separately made capitals (often called uncials, but in Greek paleography, except for the time-hallowed class of biblical uncials, the term is better avoided) in columns of…

Western architecture: From the 19th to the early 20th century: Other notable Gothicists were George F. Bodley, who often employed the artist William Morris and his associates, including the painters Ford Madox Brown and Sir Edward Burne-Jones, to decorate his churches; and Philip Speakman Webb, who had himself been a pupil with Morris in the office of Street and…

Bodleian Library: …the library was restored by Sir Thomas Bodley (a collector of medieval manuscripts) and reopened in 1602. Bodley added new buildings, surrounding university buildings were taken over, and additions were made at various times up to the 19th century. A new building, connected with the old buildings by an underground…

biblical literature: Papyri: The papyri of p72, Papyri Bodmer VII and VIII, are also from the 3rd century. VII contains a manuscript of Jude in a mixed text, and VIII contains I and II Peter. In I Peter the Greek was written by a scribe whose native language was Coptic; there are many…

Johann Georg Bodmer was a Swiss mechanic and prolific inventor of machine tools and textile-making machinery. Information on Bodmer’s life is scanty, but it is known that he lived in Switzerland, England, France, and Austria. Because many of his ideas were in advance of their time, his

Johann Jakob Bodmer was a Swiss historian, professor, and critical writer who contributed to the development of an original German literature in Switzerland. Bodmer taught Helvetian history at the Zürich grammar school from 1725 until 1775 and from 1737 was a member of the Grosser Rat (cantonal

Maximilian, prince zu Wied-Neuwied: …with him the Swiss artist Karl Bodmer to record the landscapes and peoples they encountered. They traveled from Boston westward along the Ohio River to St. Louis, Missouri, from where they traveled by steamboat up the Missouri River through what are now Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana.…

biblical literature: Papyri: …the other Bodmer papyri, which Martin Bodmer, a Swiss private collector, acquired from Egypt, were published 1956–61. They are in the private Bodmer library at Cologny, near Geneva. P48 is a late-3rd-century text of Acts now in a library in Florence. It contains Acts 23:11–17, 23–29 and illustrates a Greek…

Bodmin, town (parish), Cornwall unitary authority, southwestern England. The town lies on the edge of Bodmin Moor, a barren heathland covering an area of 80 square miles (207 square km). In the 1990s the crown courts moved from Bodmin to Truro, which effectively made Truro the county town (seat) of

Bodmin: …lies on the edge of Bodmin Moor, a barren heathland covering an area of 80 square miles (207 square km). In the 1990s the crown courts moved from Bodmin to Truro, which effectively made Truro the county town (seat) of Cornwall. Bodmin, however, officially retains that status.

Central Asian arts: Architecture: …stupa like the one at Bodnath is the low base from which it rises and its crowning dome-shape. The small stupa was generally set in the courtyard of a Buddhist monastery. The extant monasteries, none of which dates earlier than the 14th century, are consistent in their plans and structures.…

Bodø, town and port, north-central Norway. It is located at the end of a peninsula projecting into the Norwegian Sea, at the entrance to Salt Fjord. Bodø was founded by Trondheim merchants and chartered in 1816. A commercial-fishing centre specializing in cod drying, it also has ship repair yards

Bodo, site of paleoanthropological excavation in the Awash River valley of Ethiopia known for the 1976 discovery of a 600,000-year-old cranium that is intermediate in shape between Homo erectus and H. sapiens; many authorities classify it as a separate species called H. heidelbergensis. Bodo has

Bodo, group of peoples speaking Tibeto-Burman languages in the northeastern Indian states of Assam and Meghalaya and in Bangladesh. The Bodo are the largest minority group in Assam and are concentrated in the northern areas of the Brahmaputra River valley. Most of them are settled farmers, though

protomonad: The Bodo group includes forms with two to four flagella. The Trypanosoma species are elongated blood parasites found in man and many animals. The members of the vertebrate parasite genus Leishmania also cause disease.

Bodø Affair, (1818–21), a diplomatic scandal involving Sweden-Norway (then a dual monarchy) and Great Britain. The affair arose over the illegal trading activities of an English company in the Norwegian port of Bodø, where Norwegian officials in 1818 seized a large cargo belonging to the company

Bodo: The Bodo cranium resembles specimens attributed to H. erectus in having prominent browridges, a massive face, and thick cranial bones. Its brain size, however, is larger than most H. erectus specimens and is within the range of H. sapiens. There are several other modern traits as…

Bodo language, a language of the Tibeto-Burman branch of Sino-Tibetan languages having several dialects. Bodo is spoken in the northeastern Indian states of Assam and Meghalaya and in Bangladesh. It is related to Dimasa, Tripura, and Lalunga languages, and it is written in Latin, Devanagari, and

Sino-Tibetan languages: Baric languages: The Baric, or Bodo-Garo, division consists of a number of languages spoken in Assam and falls into a Bodo branch (not to be confused with Bodic-Tibetic, and Bodish, a subdivision of Tibetic) and a Garo branch.

Giambattista Bodoni: The typeface that retained the Bodoni name appeared in 1790. Of the many books that he produced during this period, the best known is his Manuale tipografico (1788; “Inventory of Types”), a folio collection of 291 roman and italic typefaces, along with samples of Russian, Greek, and other types. A…

Giambattista Bodoni was an Italian printer who designed several modern typefaces, one of which bears his name and is in common use today. The son of a printer, Bodoni left home as a boy to go to Rome, where he served an apprenticeship at the press of the Congregation for the Propagation of the

Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén: The Bodrogköz region, a flatland in the east, is the county’s most arable area, and peas and lentils are grown there. The Tokaj district is renowned for its dry or semisweet szamorodni (“as it comes”) and sweet aszú wines, made from Furmint and Hárslevelű grapes. The…

Bodrum, town, southwestern Turkey. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Kerme (ancient Ceramic Gulf) of the Aegean Sea, opposite the Greek island of Cos. It was built on the ruins of ancient Halicarnassus by the Hospitallers, a Crusading order, who occupied the site in 1402. Their spectacular

Obodrite, member of a people of the Polab group, the northwesternmost of the Slavs in medieval Europe. The Obodrites (sometimes called the Bodryci, from bodry, “brave”) inhabited the lowland country between the lower Elbe River and the Baltic Sea, the area north and northeast of Hamburg in what is

automobile: Body: Automotive body designs are frequently categorized according to the number of doors, the arrangement of seats, and the roof structure. Automobile roofs are conventionally supported by pillars on each side of the body. Convertible models with retractable fabric tops rely on the pillar at…

Coleman Hawkins: …1939 by recording the hit “Body and Soul,” an outpouring of irregular, double-timed melodies that became one of the most imitated of all jazz solos.

Body and Soul, American dramatic film, released in 1947, that highlighted the seedy underbelly of the boxing industry. Many consider it one of the best films about the sport, especially noted for its realistic fight scenes. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Although Body and

Jimmy Blanton: …Patter,” “Sophisticated Lady,” and “Body and Soul.” The bassist was also featured in classic Ellington band recordings such as “Jack the Bear” and “Ko-Ko”; altogether he made more than 130 recordings with Ellington, together with other recordings led by Ellington sidemen. In 1941, ill from tuberculosis, he entered a…

armour, protective clothing with the ability to deflect or absorb the impact of projectiles or other weapons that may be used against its wearer. Until modern times, armour worn by combatants in warfare was laboriously fashioned and frequently elaborately wrought, reflecting the personal importance

Carolee Schneemann: …is considered the progenitor of body art.

Annie Baker: Baker’s debut Off-Broadway play, Body Awareness, was performed in 2008, and it brought her national recognition. The work was set in small-town Vermont, and it concerns a troubled lesbian couple, a son with Asperger syndrome, and a male photographer of nudes as their houseguest.

somatotype, in psychology, the discredited idea that human body shape and physique type are associated with personality traits, forming the basis of constitutional psychology. The term somatotype was used in the system of classification of human physical types developed in the 1940s by American

Mary J. Blige: Acting career: …2020 include the horror thriller Body Cam, in which she played a police officer. During this time she also had recurring roles on such TV shows as Scream and The Umbrella Academy. In Power Book II: Ghost (2020–24), a spin-off of the popular crime drama Power, Blige played a drug…

human body: Basic form and development: …are the right and left body cavities. In the dorsal part of the body they are temporary; in the ventral part they become permanent, forming the two pleural cavities, which house the lungs; the peritoneal cavity, which contains the abdominal organs; and the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart. The…

gouache, painting technique in which a gum or an opaque white pigment is added to watercolours to produce opacity. In watercolour the tiny particles of pigment become enmeshed in the fibre of the paper; in gouache the colour lies on the surface of the paper, forming a continuous layer, or coating.

David Caruso: …movies as Jade (1995) and Body Count (1998) were disappointments. In 2000 he earned praise for his performance as a hostage negotiator in Proof of Life, though the film received mix reviews and failed to find an audience. In 2002 Caruso returned to television with CSI: Miami, playing police lieutenant…

dress: Native Americans: Facial and body hair was often plucked out with tweezers, and both face and hair were painted. Red pigment was frequently used to paint the body. Both sexes tattooed their bodies, sometimes all over, and some continue this tradition today; bright red and black were the colours…

Brian De Palma: The 1980s and ’90s: The director then made Body Double (1984), about a young actor (Craig Wasson) who thinks he has witnessed a murder through his telescope—yet another of De Palma’s homages to Hitchcock’s Rear Window. The film received largely negative reviews—especially for a sequence in which a woman is killed with a…

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), preoccupation with one or more perceived or imagined flaws in one’s physical appearance, leading to excessive self-consciousness. In body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), the person’s preoccupation with physical appearance is overwhelming and is centred on a feature that

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), preoccupation with one or more perceived or imagined flaws in one’s physical appearance, leading to excessive self-consciousness. In body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), the person’s preoccupation with physical appearance is overwhelming and is centred on a feature that

Body Heat, American crime film, released in 1981, that is one of the most significant examples of “neo-noir”—a term often used to describe movies that rework the motifs, themes, or visual effects of the golden age of film noir. Its plot bears a strong resemblance to that of one of the greatest noir

body heat, thermal energy that is a by-product of metabolism in higher animals, especially noticeable in birds and mammals, which exhibit a close control of their body temperature in the face of environmental fluctuation. Birds and mammals can conserve body heat by fluffing up feathers or erecting

anorexia nervosa: Causes and risk factors: …contribute to a negative subjective body image, a lack of awareness of internal feelings (including hunger and emotions), a family history of eating disturbances, social influence, and psychological factors. Psychological factors can include a range of influences, such as an anxious temperament, perfectionistic or obsessive tendencies, a history of trauma,…

Jonathan Miller: In 1978 Miller wrote The Body in Question, a 13-part series on the history of medicine and of attitudes toward the human body, for the British Broadcasting Company; it also became a best-selling book. He continued his association with opera and theatre, not neglecting his interest in medicine. In…

Blake Shelton: In May 2021 he released Body Language, which featured “Happy Anyway,” a duet with pop singer Gwen Stefani, a fellow coach on The Voice whom he began dating in 2015. Shortly after the album’s release, the couple married.

Alan Ayckbourn: A’s Amazing Maze Plays (1989), Body Language (1990), Invisible Friends (1991), Communicating Doors (1995), Comic Potential (1999), The Boy Who Fell into a Book (2000), and the trilogy Damsels in Distress (2002). In 2002 he published a work of advice and instruction for aspiring playwrights and directors,

emoji: …can take the place of body language, facial expressions, and other nonverbal cues used in face-to-face communication. In this way, emojis can clarify the sender’s intention and eliminate some of the misunderstanding for which texting has become infamous.

human louse: humanus humanus, the body louse, or cootie.

human nutrition: Body mass, body fat, and body water: The human body consists of materials similar to those found in foods; however, the relative proportions differ, according to genetic dictates as well as to the unique life experience of the individual. The body of a healthy lean…

body mass index (BMI), an estimate of total body fat. The BMI is defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres: weight/height2 = BMI. This number, which is central to determining whether an individual is clinically defined as obese, parallels fatness but is not a

Christian Marclay: In his Body Mix series (1991–92), a sly comment on the commodification of popular music, various album covers on which human bodies are displayed are stitched together to form mutant figures. The influence of Marcel Duchamp was particularly evident in Marclay’s whimsically transfigured musical instruments, such as…

body modifications and mutilations, intentional permanent or semipermanent alterations of the living human body for reasons such as ritual, folk medicine, aesthetics, or corporal punishment. In general, voluntary changes are considered to be modifications, and involuntary changes are considered

mystical body of Christ, in Roman Catholicism, a mystical union of all Christians into a spiritual body with Jesus Christ as their head. The concept is rooted in the New Testament and possibly reflects Christianity’s roots in Judaism; St. Paul’s letters to the Corinthians and Romans both use the

mystical body of Christ, in Roman Catholicism, a mystical union of all Christians into a spiritual body with Jesus Christ as their head. The concept is rooted in the New Testament and possibly reflects Christianity’s roots in Judaism; St. Paul’s letters to the Corinthians and Romans both use the

Nathaniel Ward: …of Massachusetts, where he wrote The Body of Liberties (1641), a code of law for use in Massachusetts that combined parts of English common law with the Mosaic law, and The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (1647), a vigorously written pamphlet defending the status quo and attacking, among other…

Ridley Scott: … (2005), American Gangster (2007), and Body of Lies (2008). He later helmed the action adventure Robin Hood (2010), which starred Crowe and Cate Blanchett; Prometheus (2012), a sci-fi thriller that revisited the eerie world of Alien; and The Counselor (2013), a crime drama scripted by Cormac McCarthy

Paul Anka: Anka’s album A Body of Work (1998) included newly composed and remade songs, performed as solos or as duets with such artists as Céline Dion and Patti LaBelle. With the albums Rock Swings (2005) and Classic Songs: My Way (2007), Anka reimagined hit songs originally performed by…

dress: Male display: … a society is, the more body paint, tattoos, or scarification is employed to denote the warriors and the chiefs, with each rank having its individual pattern. In addition, in many societies, only after an individual has reached a certain age or satisfied some other requirements is he allowed to wear…

philosophy of biology: Form and function: …what Gould referred to as Baupläne (German: “body plans”).

crocodile: Form and function: …covered with large, rectangular horny plates arranged regularly in longitudinal and transverse rows. Most of the dorsal plates have a longitudinal ridge, or keel. Under these plates lie bony structures called osteoderms of about the same size. This configuration occurs in all but one species; in the estuarine crocodile, the…

body politic, in Western political thought, an ancient metaphor by which a state, society, or church and its institutions are conceived of as a biological (usually human) body. As it is usually applied, the metaphor implies hierarchical leadership and a division of labour, and it carries a strong

somatotype, in psychology, the discredited idea that human body shape and physique type are associated with personality traits, forming the basis of constitutional psychology. The term somatotype was used in the system of classification of human physical types developed in the 1940s by American