tapeworm: …(encysts) and is called a cysticercus, or bladder worm. If the cysticercus is eaten alive in raw meat, it attaches itself to the host’s intestine and develops directly into a mature adult.

burro-fat, (species Cleome isomeris), shrub or small tree of the Cleome genus (of the family Cleomaceae, which is closely related to the mustard family, Brassicaceae), native to southwestern North America, with showy spikes of yellow flowers and gray-green foliage. Burro-fat, up to 3 metres (10

hooded seal, (Cystophora cristata), large grayish seal with dark spots that is found in open waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Hooded seals range from the Svalbard archipelago and the Barents Sea to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Average-sized adult males measure about 2.6 metres (8.5

bladdernut, any shrub or small tree of the genus Staphylea of the family Staphyleaceae. All of the 10–15 known species occur in the North Temperate Zone. The commonest species usually grow to about 3.5–4.5 m (12–15 feet) tall. The trees are admired more for their handsome green foliage than for

Crossosomatales: Most members of Staphyleaceae, or the bladdernut family, are deciduous trees restricted to the northern temperate region, but some species range as far south as Bolivia and Malaysia. Staphylea (bladdernut) consists of 11 species in the temperate region and is often cultivated. Turpinia, with at least 10 species,…

bladderwort, (genus Utricularia), genus of carnivorous plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. The bladderwort genus contains 220 widely distributed species of plants characterized by small hollow sacs that actively capture and digest tiny animals such as insect larvae, aquatic worms, and water

bladderwort: …carnivorous plants in the family Lentibulariaceae. The bladderwort genus contains 220 widely distributed species of plants characterized by small hollow sacs that actively capture and digest tiny animals such as insect larvae, aquatic worms, and water fleas. Bladderworts can be found in lakes, streams, and waterlogged soils around the world,…

Fucus: Bladder wrack (F. vesiculosus) was one of the original sources of iodine.

figure skating: Boots and blades: Skaters wear leather boots, sometimes custom-fitted, reinforced with thick padding to brace the ankle and with wide tongues for control and flexibility. The figure skate’s blade is about 3 16 inch (4 mm) thick. It is hollow-ground to emphasize its two edges, although the…

angiosperm: Leaves: The blade is the major photosynthetic surface of the plant and appears green and flattened in a plane perpendicular to the stem.

mineral: Crystal habit and crystal aggregation: …platelike individuals arranged in layers; bladed, elongated crystals flattened like a knife blade; fibrous, an aggregate of slender fibres, parallel or radiating; acicular, slender, needlelike crystals; radiating, individuals forming starlike or circular groups; globular, radiating individuals forming small spherical or hemispherical groups; dendritic, in

Wesley Snipes: …portraying a vampire hunter in Blade. The film was a box-office hit and led to the sequels Blade II (2002) and Blade: Trinity (2004). Snipes later appeared in several straight-to-video features, including 7 Seconds (2005) and The Contractor (2007). He played a drug dealer in the crime thriller Brooklyn’s Finest…

cutlery: History: Scissors with blades connected by a C-shaped spring at the handle end also originated at about this time. As various metals became known, the art of forging blades developed in China, India, and Europe. Pivoted scissors of bronze or iron, connected by a rivet or screw between…

Onuora Nzekwu: To the hero of Blade Among the Boys (1962), traditional practices and beliefs ultimately gain dominance over half-absorbed European and Christian values. In 1963 he published a children’s book, Eze Goes to School (written with Michael Crowder), and his third novel, Highlife for Lizards, appeared in 1965.

Wesley Snipes: …and led to the sequels Blade II (2002) and Blade: Trinity (2004). Snipes later appeared in several straight-to-video features, including 7 Seconds (2005) and The Contractor (2007). He played a drug dealer in the crime thriller Brooklyn’s Finest (2009) and Doctor Death, an assassin in the action thriller The Expendables…

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: …Snipes in the action movie Blade: Trinity (2004), for which he trained for three months and gained 25 pounds.

Oscar Pistorius is a South African track-and-field sprinter and bilateral below-the-knee amputee who, at the 2012 London Games, became the first amputee to compete in an Olympic track event. In 2015 Pistorius was convicted of murdering South African model Reeva Steenkamp, and he was later sentenced

Blade Runner, American neo-noir science-fiction film, directed by Ridley Scott and released in 1982, that has become one of the most influential works in the cyberpunk genre. Although it initially received mixed critical reviews and was a financial disappointment at the box office, its dramatic

Blade Runner: …the release of a sequel, Blade Runner 2049, in 2017.

human evolution: Refinements in tool design: …by frequencies of reshaped flakes, blades, scrapers, hand axes, and other tools. Projectile points began to be emphasized in some regions, with bone being used as well as stone; bone arrow points dating to more than 60,000 years ago have been found at Sibudu Cave in South Africa.

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: …Snipes in the action movie Blade: Trinity (2004), for which he trained for three months and gained 25 pounds.

rocket and missile system: The 19th century: At the Battle of Bladensburg (August 24) the use of rockets assisted British forces to turn the flank of the American troops defending Washington, D.C. As a result, the British were able to capture the city. In September the British forces attempted to capture Fort McHenry, which…

Will Ferrell: …characters in the sports comedies Blades of Glory (2007) and Semi-Pro (2008).

Rubén Blades is a Panamanian musician, actor, and political activist who was one of the most successful and influential salsa musicians of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Blades was born into a musically inclined family. His father, who was born in Colombia but raised in Panama, was a

Rubén Blades is a Panamanian musician, actor, and political activist who was one of the most successful and influential salsa musicians of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Blades was born into a musically inclined family. His father, who was born in Colombia but raised in Panama, was a

turbine: Reaction turbines: …propeller turbines consist of fixed blading, while in Kaplan and Deriaz turbines the blades can be rotated about their axis, which is at right angles to the main shaft.

cogon grass, (Imperata cylindrica), species of perennial grass in the family Poaceae, native to temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Cogon grass is a serious weed in cultivated areas of South Africa and Australia and is considered an invasive species in many areas outside its native

baseball: The pitching repertoire: …popularized in the 1920s by George Blaeholder, who otherwise had an undistinguished major league career. The slider is a cross between the fastball and the curve and involves the best features of both. It is thrown with the speed and the pitching motion of the fastball, but, instead of the…

Blaenau Gwent, county borough, southeastern Wales. It covers an area of deep valleys and plateau uplands on the eastern rim of the historic South Wales coalfield. Blaenau Gwent lies almost entirely within the historic county of Monmouthshire, but the community of Brynmawr in the northeast belongs

astronomical map: New constellations: 16th–20th century: …1603 on the globe of Willem Blaeu and on a single plate in the Uranometria of Johann Bayer. The Uranometria, the first serious star atlas, has a plate for each of the 48 traditional figures. Its scientific integrity rests on Tycho Brahe’s newly determined stellar positions and magnitudes (see below…

Romanian literature: Between the wars: Poet and essayist Lucian Blaga attempted to provide a philosophical foundation for the description of Romanian national characteristics, partly determined by geographical conditions, while Gala Galaction translated the Bible and wrote novels on biblical subjects.

John Evelyn: …a paternal affection for Margaret Blagge, a maid of honour at court, who later secretly married Sidney Godolphin, future lord high treasurer. She died after giving birth to a child in 1678; Evelyn’s Life of Mrs. Godolphin (1847; ed. H. Sampson, 1939), is one of the most moving of 17th-century…

Bulgaria: Bulgaria at the end of the 19th century: …the first, led by schoolteacher Dimitŭr Blagoev, echoed to a great extent the spreading socialist ideas in Europe and Russia (Blagoev himself had studied in Russia), the Agrarian Union was somewhat unique. Established in 1899, it gained popularity among peasants as well as among educated people who maintained their roots…

Blagoevgrad, town, southwestern Bulgaria, in the Struma River valley. An ancient Thracian settlement, Scaptopara, existed around its warm mineral springs, which still function as a spa. During the Turkish occupation (1396–1878), the town was called Dzhumaya (Džumaja), later Gorna Dzhumaya; it was

Roland Burris: Rod Blagojevich. Before the appointment could be made, U.S. Attorney Patrick Fitzgerald filed criminal charges against Blagojevich, alleging, among other things, that he had solicited donations from potential candidates in a “pay for play” scheme. Nevertheless, on Dec. 30, 2008, Blagojevich appointed Burris to serve…

Blagoveshchensk, city and administrative centre, Amur oblast (province), far eastern Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Amur and Zeya rivers. Founded in 1856 as a fort, Blagoveshchensk has become a major centre of the Russian Far East. Although remotely located, the city has good

Blagoveshchensk, city and administrative centre, Amur oblast (province), far eastern Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Amur and Zeya rivers. Founded in 1856 as a fort, Blagoveshchensk has become a major centre of the Russian Far East. Although remotely located, the city has good

Moscow: The Kremlin of Moscow: Across the square is the Cathedral of the Annunciation, built in 1484–89 by craftsmen from Pskov (though burned in 1547, it was rebuilt in 1562–64). Its cluster of chapels is topped by golden roofs and domes. Inside are a number of early 15th-century icons attributed to Theophanes the Greek and…

Iggy and the Stooges: …hits with the new wave-influenced Blah Blah Blah (1986) and the unabashedly pop Brick by Brick (1990). The latter included “Candy,” a duet with Kate Pierson of the B-52s and Iggy’s first top 40 single. Iggy also made minor forays into acting, appearing in a number of independent films and…

Lujza Blaha was a Hungarian actress and singer who is associated with the heyday of the népszínmű (Hungarian folk play). Although born into an acting family, the woman known as “the nation’s nightingale” came to fame using the name of her first husband, conductor János Blaha. She began her career

Manolo Blahnik is a Spanish fashion designer best known for his signature line of high-end women’s footwear. Blahnik was born the eldest of two children into an affluent family. His Czech father’s family owned a pharmaceutical firm in Prague, and his Spanish mother’s family owned a banana

Manolo Blahnik is a Spanish fashion designer best known for his signature line of high-end women’s footwear. Blahnik was born the eldest of two children into an affluent family. His Czech father’s family owned a pharmaceutical firm in Prague, and his Spanish mother’s family owned a banana

biblical literature: Slavic versions: …was that associated principally with Jan Blahoslav. Based on the original languages, it appeared at Kralice in six volumes (1579–93). The Kralice Bible, regarded as the finest extant specimen of classical Czech, became the standard Protestant version.

Red Blaik was an American college football coach whose teams compiled a 166–48–14 record during his tenures as head coach at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire and at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York. (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing American football.) Blaik

Red Blaik was an American college football coach whose teams compiled a 166–48–14 record during his tenures as head coach at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire and at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York. (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing American football.) Blaik

Jane Currie Blaikie Hoge was an American welfare worker and fund-raiser, best remembered for her impressive organizational efforts to provide medical supplies and other material relief to Union soldiers during the Civil War. Jane Blaikie was educated at the Young Ladies’ College in Philadelphia. In

James G. Blaine was a leading Republican politician and diplomat for 25 years (1868–93), who was particularly influential in launching the Pan-American Movement with Latin-American countries. Blaine graduated from Washington (now Washington and Jefferson) College in Washington, Pa., in 1847 and

James G. Blaine was a leading Republican politician and diplomat for 25 years (1868–93), who was particularly influential in launching the Pan-American Movement with Latin-American countries. Blaine graduated from Washington (now Washington and Jefferson) College in Washington, Pa., in 1847 and

Sidney Lanfield: Later films: … outing with Debbie Reynolds and Vivian Blaine.

Geoffrey Blainey is an Australian historian, teacher, and writer known for his authoritative texts on Australian economic and social history. Blainey attended Wesley College, Melbourne, and graduated from Queens College of the University of Melbourne and accepted a free-lance writing assignment

Geoffrey Blainey is an Australian historian, teacher, and writer known for his authoritative texts on Australian economic and social history. Blainey attended Wesley College, Melbourne, and graduated from Queens College of the University of Melbourne and accepted a free-lance writing assignment

artiodactyl: Critical appraisal: It was the French naturalist Henri de Blainville who, at the beginning of the 19th century, first recognized the complete order of artiodactyls as it is accepted today. Nine discrete groups exist among the living forms: pigs, peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, chevrotains, deer, giraffes, pronghorn, and bovids; their classification presents no…

French and Indian War: Initial hostilities: …governor-general ordered Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville to compel the trading houses in that region to lower the British flags that flew above them. The traders, regarded as trespassers on French lands, were ordered to retreat to the eastern slopes of the Appalachians. This directive did not have the desired effect,…

Blair, county, central Pennsylvania, U.S., located midway between the cities of Pittsburgh and Harrisburg. The ridge-and-valley terrain in the east gives way to the Allegheny Mountains in the west. The county is drained by Clover Creek and the Little Juniata and Frankstown Branch Juniata rivers.

Atholl: …population is concentrated mainly in Blair Atholl and Pitlochry. Blair Atholl, on the River Garry, is the site of Blair Castle (built 1269), the ancient seat of the dukes of Atholl.

The Blair Witch Project, American horror film, released in 1999, that popularized “found footage”—a cinematic technique in which some or all of a narrative film’s shots are presented as if they were recordings of nonfiction events. The film was written and directed by Daniel Myrick and Eduardo

Tony Blair is a British Labour Party leader who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007). He was the youngest prime minister since 1812 and the longest-serving Labour prime minister, and his 10-year tenure as prime minister was the second longest continuous period (after Margaret

Bonnie Blair is an American speed skater who was one of the leading competitors in the sport. She dominated the sprint events at three Olympic Games (1988, 1992, and 1994), winning five gold medals and one bronze. Blair came from a family of avid skaters and began entering races when she was four

Bonnie Blair is an American speed skater who was one of the leading competitors in the sport. She dominated the sprint events at three Olympic Games (1988, 1992, and 1994), winning five gold medals and one bronze. Blair came from a family of avid skaters and began entering races when she was four

Cherie Booth is a British attorney specializing in issues of public law and human rights, among others. She is also the wife of Tony Blair, who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007. Booth’s parents, Anthony Booth and Gale Smith, were actors, socialists, and Roman

George Orwell was an English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949). The latter of these is a profound anti-utopian novel that examines the dangers of totalitarian rule. Born Eric Arthur Blair, Orwell never entirely abandoned his

Francis P. Blair was a journalist and longtime Democratic politician who helped form the Republican Party in the 1850s in an effort to stem the expansion of slavery. A loyal supporter of the Democratic leader Andrew Jackson, Blair established in 1830 the Washington Globe, a party organ, and also

Francis P. Blair was a journalist and longtime Democratic politician who helped form the Republican Party in the 1850s in an effort to stem the expansion of slavery. A loyal supporter of the Democratic leader Andrew Jackson, Blair established in 1830 the Washington Globe, a party organ, and also

Francis Preston Blair, Jr. was a Missouri politician of the antebellum, Civil War, and Reconstruction eras who opposed slavery and secession but later came out against Radical Reconstruction and black suffrage. The son of the political journalist of the same name, Blair grew up in Washington, D.C.,

Henry William Blair was an American politician who, as a member of Congress, pioneered efforts to win federal support for public education. Blair was 2 when his father died and 12 when his mother died. Raised by neighbours on a farm, he attended school sporadically when breaks from farm work

Hugh Blair was a Scottish minister and university professor, best known for his Sermons, which enjoyed an extraordinary popularity during his lifetime, and for his lectures on rhetoric and the fine arts. In 1730 Blair entered the University of Edinburgh, where he received an M.A. in 1739. His

James Blair was a clergyman and founder (1693) of the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., the second oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Blair was ordained in the Church of England (1679) but was deprived of his parish in Edinburgh in 1681 for refusing to take an

John Blair was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1790–96). A member of one of Virginia’s most prominent landed families and a close friend of George Washington, Blair studied law at the Middle Temple in London and in 1766 was elected to represent William and Mary College in

Ellen Burstyn: …woman whose daughter (played by Linda Blair) has been demonically possessed. She secured studio support for Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore (1974) and selected Martin Scorsese to direct. Burstyn’s depiction of the travails of a single mother in that film won her the Academy Award for best actress in 1975.…

Mary Blair was an American artist, art director, and designer known for her colorful and modern illustrations that helped define the visual style of Disney’s classic animated movies, including Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951), and Peter Pan (1953). Walt Disney recognized Blair’s

Abraham Lincoln: Wartime politics of Abraham Lincoln: …of his conservative postmaster general, Montgomery Blair. Eventually Frémont withdrew and Blair resigned. The party was reunited in time for the election of 1864.

slave narrative: …North in the manner of Norvel Blair’s Book for the People…Life of Norvel Blair, of Grundy County, State of Illinois, Written and Published by Him (1880).

Robert Blair was a Scottish poet remembered for a single poem, The Grave, which was influential in giving rise to the graveyard school (q.v.) of poetry. Educated in Edinburgh and Holland, Blair was ordained in 1731 and appointed to Athelstaneford, East Lothian. He was happily married, had six

Tom Petty: …Campbell and Benmont Tench, joined Ron Blair and Stan Lynch to form Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.

Tony Blair is a British Labour Party leader who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007). He was the youngest prime minister since 1812 and the longest-serving Labour prime minister, and his 10-year tenure as prime minister was the second longest continuous period (after Margaret

forestry: Medieval Europe: …forest nursery is that of William Blair, cellarer to the Abbey of Coupar Angus in Scotland, who raised trees to grow in the Highland Forest of Ferter as early as 1460. After the dissolution of the monasteries, many newly rich landowners in Scotland and England found a profitable long-term investment…

oxytocin: The discovery of oxytocin: In 1909 British physician William Blair-Bell noted that a posterior pituitary extract that he called infundibulin could not only facilitate parturition but also control postpartum bleeding. Other researchers subsequently described the stimulation of milk ejection by infundibulin and other extracts of the posterior pituitary.

Blairsville, city, seat (1835) of Union county, northern Georgia, U.S., in the Blue Ridge Mountains, near the Blue Ridge and Nottely dams. Laid out in 1832 on land ceded by the Cherokee Indians, it was a centre for gold-mining activities until 1910. Blairsville lies in a heavily forested area and

Marie-Claire Blais was a French-Canadian novelist and poet, known for reporting the bleak inner reality of characters born without hope, their empty lives often played out against a featureless, unnamed landscape. In two early dreamlike novels, La Belle Bête (1959; Mad Shadows) and Tête blanche

library: The British Library: The BLAISE service (British Library Automated Information Service) offers a cataloging facility to any library wishing to participate, and the Bibliographic Services Division and its predecessor, the British National Bibliography, cooperated closely with the U.S. Library of Congress in the Project for Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), which…

St. Blaise ; Western feast day, February 3; Eastern feast day, February 11) was an early Christian bishop and martyr, one of the most popular medieval saints. He is venerated as the patron saint of sufferers from throat diseases and of wool combers and as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. According

Herbert Augustus Blaize was a Grenadian politician who served as head of government in the 1960s and 1980s. After taking a Law Society correspondence course, Blaize became a solicitor. He entered the legislature in 1957 and was appointed chief minister three years later. In 1961 he was defeated by

continental slope: The Blake Plateau off the southeastern United States and the continental borderland off southern California are examples of continental slopes separated from continental shelves by plateaus of intermediate depth. Slopes off mountainous coastlines and narrow shelves often have outcrops of rock.

Gunsmoke: …included Miss Kitty Russell (Amanda Blake), owner of the Long Branch Saloon, which doubled as a bordello; Doc Adams (Milburn Stone), the town’s adept physician; and Deputy Marshal Chester Goode (Dennis Weaver), Dillon’s loyal sidekick. When Weaver left the show in 1964, his character was replaced by Festus Haggen…

Edward Blake was a lawyer and statesman, premier of Ontario (1871–72), and leader of the Canadian Liberal Party (1880–87) who was a recognized authority on the Canadian constitution. Blake was called to the bar in 1856 and created a queen’s counsel in 1864. In 1867 he was elected to both the

Eubie Blake was an American pianist and composer of ragtime music, popular and vaudeville tunes, and scores for musical theatre—most notably Shuffle Along (1921), his groundbreaking collaboration with singer and lyricist Noble Sissle. Blake was raised by parents who were formerly enslaved, and he

Eugene Carson Blake was a churchman and ecumenical leader who was a major figure in American Protestantism during the 1950s and ’60s. Blake was educated at Princeton University (B.A., 1928) and Princeton Theological Seminary (Th.B., 1932). He held Presbyterian pastorates in New York City, in

George Blake was a writer whose most interesting books are the novels he wrote about Clydeside shipbuilders. He describes their life with a realism that played a part in overcoming the tendency of Scottish letters toward a sentimental portrayal of the local scene. Blake worked as a journalist and

George Blake was a British diplomat and spy for the Soviet Union. After escaping from the Netherlands at the beginning of World War II, Blake served in the Royal Navy until 1948, when he entered the Foreign Office and was appointed vice-consul in Seoul. Blake was interned (1950–53) after North

Toe Blake was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach who was a strict disciplinarian and brilliant strategist. He helped the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL) secure 11 Stanley Cup victories, 3 of them as a player and 8 as a coach. Blake joined the Canadiens in 1936 after two

Eubie Blake was an American pianist and composer of ragtime music, popular and vaudeville tunes, and scores for musical theatre—most notably Shuffle Along (1921), his groundbreaking collaboration with singer and lyricist Noble Sissle. Blake was raised by parents who were formerly enslaved, and he

Lillie Devereux Blake was an American novelist, essayist, and reformer whose early career as a writer of fiction was succeeded by a zealous activism on behalf of woman suffrage. Elizabeth Devereux grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, and in New Haven, Connecticut, was educated in a private school

Lyman Reed Blake was an American inventor who devised a sewing machine for sewing the soles of shoes to the uppers. At an early age Blake began working for local shoemakers, including his brother, Samuel. He later worked for Isaac M. Singer’s company, setting up sewing machines in shoe factories.

C. Day-Lewis was one of the leading British poets of the 1930s; he then turned from poetry of left-wing political statement to an individual lyricism expressed in more traditional forms. The son of a clergyman, Day-Lewis was educated at the University of Oxford and taught school until 1935. His

Pop art: Pop art in Britain: …of Art in London, including Peter Blake, Pauline Boty, Richard Smith, and Joe Tilson. Blake—who was perhaps best known for helping design one of the iconic images of British Pop art, the cover for the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)—often made collage-based paintings that included mass-produced objects,…

Quentin Blake is a prolific and award-winning English illustrator and children’s author, with a distinct and recognizable style of drawing. He is perhaps best known for illustrating books written by British author Roald Dahl. Blake was the first person to serve (1999–2001) as the United Kingdom’s

Quentin Blake is a prolific and award-winning English illustrator and children’s author, with a distinct and recognizable style of drawing. He is perhaps best known for illustrating books written by British author Roald Dahl. Blake was the first person to serve (1999–2001) as the United Kingdom’s

Los Angeles Kings: …wing Luc Robitaille, and defenseman Rob Blake—broke through in 1992–93, winning a conference championship before ultimately losing to the Montreal Canadiens in the Stanley Cup finals. The Kings’ play fell off precipitously the following season, however, resulting in a fifth-place divisional finish and the beginning of a four-season playoff drought.…

In Cold Blood: Perry Edward Smith (played by Robert Blake) and Dick Hickock (Scott Wilson), who had met in prison, break into a Kansas farmhouse that they have been led to believe contains a safe with $10,000 inside. After killing the parents and children, the two ex-cons discover that there is no safe…

Robert Blake was an admiral who, as commander of the navy of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth, became one of the most renowned seamen in English history. The son of a well-to-do merchant, Blake graduated from Oxford University in 1625 and in 1640 was elected to the Short Parliament. His staunch