blackhead, acute liver and intestinal disease of turkeys, chickens, and other game birds, caused by the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis that lives in eggs of the nematode Heterakis gallinarum. Chief symptoms are listlessness and sulfur-coloured diarrhea. Blackhead is usually fatal in

acne: …vulgaris is the comedo, or blackhead, which consists of a plug of sebum (the fatty substance secreted by a sebaceous gland), cell debris, and microorganisms (especially the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes) filling up a hair follicle. Comedones may be open, their upper or visible portion being darkened by oxidative changes, or…

iron processing: White iron: Blackheart malleable iron, on the other hand, is made by annealing white iron in a neutral atmosphere, again at a temperature of 900° C. In this process, cementite is decomposed to form rosette-shaped graphite nodules, which are less embrittling than flakes. Blackheart iron is an…

Blackheath, open common and residential area mainly in the Greater London boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich. It lies about 6 miles (10 km) southeast of the City of London. The site of both Roman and Saxon remains, the heath was crossed by the Roman Watling Street (now partly traced by Shooter’s

Saint Clements Island, islet (40 acres [16 hectares]) in the Potomac River, St. Mary’s county, southern Maryland, U.S., just off Coltons Point. The first Maryland settlers under the Calverts (Barons Baltimore) landed there from the ships Ark and Dove on March 25, 1634. A large cross (erected 1934)

blackjack, gambling card game popular in casinos throughout the world. Its origin is disputed, but it is certainly related to several French and Italian gambling games. In Britain since World War I, the informal game has been called pontoon. Players hope to get a total card value of 21 or to come

bomber: … and the long-range B-1 and Tu-160 Blackjack, respectively. These planes were designed to slip under early-warning radar at low level and to approach military targets using terrain-following radars and inertial-guidance systems. They could carry gravity bombs (nuclear or conventional), air-launched cruise missiles, or air-launched ballistic missiles.

forty-nine dance: Setting and style: …loss is contained in “Blackjack Daisy”:

red oak: The blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), a cover tree on sandy soils in eastern North America, is about 9 to 15 m tall, with leaves that bear three lobes at the wide apex; they are glossy and dark green above, rusty and hairy below.

Spike Lee: …race relations with the film BlacKkKlansman (2018), a satire based on the memoir of a Black police officer in Colorado Springs, Colorado, who infiltrated the local Ku Klux Klan chapter in the 1970s. The movie was lauded as a biting commentary on enduring racial tensions in the United States, and…

Texas: Soils: The Blackland Prairie, a belt of fertile black clay to the west of the Piney Woods, extends southwesterly from the Red River to San Antonio. The soil of the Grand Prairie region, just to the west of the Blackland Prairie, is more rocky and resistant to…

Liam Neeson: Neeson’s subsequent movies included Blacklight (2022), about an operative working for the FBI.

Sara Paretsky: …be a Holocaust survivor, and Blacklist (2003), which is set in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and uses the backdrop of a murder mystery to criticize the U.S. government’s expanded policing powers. In Fire Sale (2005) Warshawski becomes embroiled in a mystery involving a local discount store when…

House Un-American Activities Committee: …several contempt-of-Congress convictions and the blacklisting of many who refused to answer its questions. Highly controversial for its tactics, HUAC was criticized for violating First Amendment rights. Its influence waned by the 1960s; in 1969 it was renamed the Internal Security Committee, and in 1975 it was dissolved.

Hollywood blacklist, list of media workers ineligible for employment because of alleged communist or subversive ties, generated by Hollywood studios in the late 1940s and ’50s. In the anticommunist furor of post-World War II America, many crusaders—both within the government and in the private

Alan Alda: …30 Rock; The Big C; The Blacklist; and Ray Donovan. He also appeared in the Web series Horace and Pete (2016), Louis C.K.’s comedy about the goings-on at a bar. In addition, Alda hosted the TV series Scientific American Frontiers from 1993 to 2007.

extortion, the unlawful exaction of money or property through intimidation. Extortion was originally the complement of bribery, both crimes involving interference with or by public officials. But extortion and, to a limited extent, bribery have been expanded to include actions by private citizens

Alfred Hitchcock: First films: …talking picture was the thriller Blackmail (1929). One of the year’s biggest hits in England, it became the first British film to make use of synchronized sound only after the completed silent version was postdubbed and partly reshot. Polish actress Anny Ondra (who had starred in The Manxman) played a…

soca: …the 1970s by Trinidadian musician Lord Shorty (Garfield Blackman), who sang calypso, a type of Afro-Trinidadian song style characterized by storytelling and verbal wit. According to Lord Shorty, the new music was meant to be a fusion of calypso with East Indian music, a reflection of Trinidad’s two dominant ethnic…

Goldfinger: …Bond meets Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman), who oversees female stunt pilots in the millionaire’s employ. While imprisoned at the farm, Bond breaks out of his cell and overhears Goldfinger briefing a group of Mafia leaders about the true meaning of Operation Grand Slam: he intends to have Galore’s pilots…

Rosemary’s Baby: …Roman Castevet (Ruth Gordon and Sidney Blackmer, respectively) are eccentric and nosy but seemingly harmless, and after befriending them, Guy’s acting career suddenly takes off. Rosemary’s subsequent pregnancy, however, is fraught with difficulties. After reading a book that suggests that Roman is the son of an infamous Satanist, Rosemary begins…

Richard Doddridge Blackmore was an English Victorian novelist whose novel Lorna Doone (1869) won a secure place among English historical romances. Educated at Blundell’s School, Tiverton, and at Exeter College, Oxford, Blackmore was called to the bar but withdrew because of ill health. He married

heavy metal: …Van Halen, guitarists such as Ritchie Blackmore (of Deep Purple), Randy Rhoads (with Osbourne), and Yngwie Malmsteen demonstrated new levels and styles of rock guitar technique, exploding popular stereotypes of heavy metal as monolithic and musically simple.

Sir Richard Blackmore was an English physician and writer, physician in ordinary to King William III (who knighted him in 1697 for professional services) and Queen Anne. Though he regarded poetry as merely the entertainment of his idle hours, he wrote four epics in 10 or more books, Prince Arthur

Harry A. Blackmun was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1970 to 1994. Blackmun graduated in mathematics from Harvard University in 1929 and received his law degree from that institution in 1932. He joined a Minneapolis, Minnesota, law firm in 1934, and while advancing to

Harry A. Blackmun was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1970 to 1994. Blackmun graduated in mathematics from Harvard University in 1929 and received his law degree from that institution in 1932. He joined a Minneapolis, Minnesota, law firm in 1934, and while advancing to

American literature: Moral-aesthetic critics: …reading can be found in R.P. Blackmur’s The Double Agent (1935), Allen Tate’s Reactionary Essays on Poetry and Ideas (1936), John Crowe Ransom’s The World’s Body (1938), Yvor Winters’s Maule’s Curse (1938), and Cleanth Brooks’s The Well Wrought Urn (1947). Though they were later

Britney Spears: Princess of Pop: …Baby One More Time, Oops!…I Did It Again, and In the Zone: The electronic-infused Blackout (2007) found her in a self-reflective mood; Circus (2008) featured her first Billboard number-one single (“Womanizer”) since her debut; and Femme Fatale (2011) was her most up-tempo dance-oriented offering to date. Britney Jean (2013) was characterized by Spears as being highly personal, but it…

Yemen: Resources and power: …meet national demands, and scheduled blackouts are common. In the 2000s only about two-fifths of the country was tied into the national grid.

blackpoll warbler, species of woodwarbler

Blackpool, town and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Lancashire, England, on the Irish Sea coast. It is one of the largest and most popular resorts in the country. Blackpool’s growth has been fairly rapid since the late 18th century, when it was transformed from a small hamlet

Sir Stanley Matthews: …Matthews was transferred (traded) to Blackpool in 1946. With that team he competed in the 1953 Football Association Cup Final, considered to be his most famous game. Matthews set up Blackpool’s last three goals to help defeat the Bolton Wanderers in what became known as “the Matthews final.” In 1961…

Blackpool: …is also home to the Blackpool Opera House, one of the largest theaters in the United Kingdom. In addition, Blackpool has developed as a major British conference and convention center. Area 14 square miles (35 square km). Pop. (2011) 142,065; (2021) 149,046.

Blackpool Tower, tourist attraction and regional landmark in the seaside resort town of Blackpool, Lancashire, England, U.K. Blackpool Tower, rising to a height of 518 feet (158 m), was built in the late 19th century in steel and cast iron on the model of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. A company to

Blackrock, southeastern suburb of Dublin, Ireland, and an administrative part of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown county, on Dublin Bay. Blackrock grew substantially in the 18th century as a fashionable bathing resort; it developed further with the opening of a rail line between Dublin and Kingstown in 1834.

Florence: The early period: …policy was embraced by the Blacks (Neri; the rich merchants), the latter by the Whites (Bianchi; the lesser citizens).

Gwendolyn Brooks: Later work and legacy: …Boy, and Other Poems (1986), Blacks (1987), Winnie (1988), and Children Coming Home (1991).

Thomas Mapfumo: …personnel) into the 21st century, the Blacks Unlimited. When Zimbabwe won independence in 1980, Mapfumo was considered to have played no small part in the achievement. During the 1980s he added a real mbira to the band and continued to nurture and promote the traditional music of Zimbabwe.

Jean Genet: …The Balcony), Les Nègres (1958; The Blacks), and Les Paravents (1961; The Screens), are large-scale, stylized dramas in the Expressionist manner, designed to shock and implicate an audience by revealing its hypocrisy and complicity. This “Theatre of Hatred” attempts to wrest the maximum dramatic power from a social or political…

Blackshirt, member of any of the armed squads of Italian Fascists under Benito Mussolini, who wore black shirts as part of their uniform. The first squads—each of which was called Squadre d’Azione (“Action Squad”)—were organized in March 1919 to destroy the political and economic organizations of

SS, the black-uniformed elite corps and self-described “political soldiers” of the Nazi Party. Founded by Adolf Hitler in April 1925 as a small personal bodyguard, the SS grew with the success of the Nazi movement and, gathering immense police and military powers, became virtually a state within a

blacksmith, craftsman who fabricates objects out of iron by hot and cold forging on an anvil. Blacksmiths who specialized in the forging of shoes for horses were called farriers. The term blacksmith derives from iron, formerly called “black metal,” and farrier from the Latin ferrum, “iron.” Iron

frog and toad: Breeding behaviour: The South American nest-building hylid, Hyla faber, has a long, sharp spine on the thumb with which males wound each other when wrestling. The small Central American Dendrobates pumilio calls from the leaves of herbaceous plants. Intrusion into a territory of one calling male by another results in a wrestling…

black spot, common disease of a variety of plants caused by species of Pseudomonas bacteria or by any number of fungus species in the genera Asterina, Asterinella, Diplotheca, Glomerella, Gnomonia, Schizothyrium, Placosphaeria, and Stigmea. Infections occur during damp periods and appear as round

Wexford: The Blackstairs Mountains—which have two main peaks, Blackstairs Mountain (2,402 feet [732 metres]) and Mount Leinster (2,602 feet [793 metres])—form a striking range rising from lowlands on all sides. Between the two main summits is the deep Scullogue Gap. Most of the county consists of a…

David Bowie: The searching, jazz-infused Blackstar (2016) was released two days before his death from cancer. In Bowie’s final years he also cowrote the musical Lazarus (premiered 2015), which was inspired by The Man Who Fell to Earth, and he was the subject of a blockbuster art exhibition, David Bowie…

vegetable farming: Planting: …for 1,000 seeds; those of Blackstone variety average 4.4 ounces (125 grams). If the two are grown on two separate plots of the same area and 4.4 ounces of seeds of each cultivar are planted, the result would be three times as many of the Sugar Baby plants as the…

Blackstone River, river rising in south-central Worcester county, Massachusetts, U.S., and flowing generally southeast past Worcester city and Northbridge, Massachusetts; it continues across the northeast corner of Rhode Island, past Woonsocket, Central Falls, and Pawtucket, where it becomes the

Second Amendment: …1803 in his great work Blackstone’s Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government of the United States and of the Commonwealth of Virginia, as the “true palladium of liberty.” In addition to checking federal power, the Second Amendment also provided state governments with…

Harry Blackstone, Sr.: His son, Harry Blackstone, Jr. (1934–97), was also a famous magician.

Harry Blackstone, Sr. was an American magician who entertained audiences at the turn of the 20th century and into the 1950s. Nicknamed the Great Blackstone, he was noted for performing the dancing handkerchief, the vanishing birdcage, and the floating light bulb (see magic). (Read Harry Houdini’s

Sir William Blackstone was an English jurist, whose Commentaries on the Laws of England, 4 vol. (1765–69), is the best-known description of the doctrines of English law. The work became the basis of university legal education in England and North America. He was knighted in 1770. Blackstone was the

Gentianaceae: Major genera and species: …that close in the afternoon; yellow-wort (Blackstonia) has bright yellow flowers and broad leaves. Both genera contain species used in herbal remedies and in the making of dyes.

rum: …mixed with molasses and called blackstrap or mixed with cider to produce a beverage called stonewall.

molasses: …third and final extraction yields blackstrap molasses, a heavy, viscous, dark-coloured product that has had all the sugar removed from it that can be separated practically by ordinary crystallization.

blackthorn, (Prunus spinosa), spiny shrub of the rose family, native to Europe but cultivated in other regions. The plant’s dense growth makes it suitable for hedges, and the tart fruit is used to flavor sloe gin. Blackthorn usually grows less than 3.6 meters (12 feet) tall and has numerous small

carcharhinid: One small species, C. melanopterus, is found in shallow Indo-Pacific waters. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) lists each of these as vulnerable species.

blacktip shark, any of several shark species in the family Carcharhinidae. See

J. Stuart Blackton was a British-born U.S. film director and producer who introduced animation and other important film techniques that helped shape and stimulate the development of cinematic art. While interviewing Thomas A. Edison in 1895, Blackton’s interest in films was so aroused that in the

J. Stuart Blackton was a British-born U.S. film director and producer who introduced animation and other important film techniques that helped shape and stimulate the development of cinematic art. While interviewing Thomas A. Edison in 1895, Blackton’s interest in films was so aroused that in the

knot: A Blackwall hitch is used to fasten a rope to a hook. It is made by doubling a rope near its end to form a loop and putting the shank of the hook through the loop so that the loop may be jammed between the rope’s…

Weetman Dickinson Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray: His firm built the Blackwall Tunnel under the Thames River, London, and several railroad tunnels under the East River, New York City; enlarged the Dover (England) harbour; and in 1926 completed a large dam on the Blue Nile in Sudan.

Blackwater, town, central Queensland, Australia. A coal-mining town, it lies along the Capricorn Highway, 100 miles (160 km) west of Rockhampton. The German explorer Ludwig Leichhardt noted the presence of coal in the area in 1844–45; the town was laid out in 1886 and given its name because of the

blackwater fever, rare, yet dangerous, complication of malaria. It occurs almost exclusively with infection from the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Symptoms of blackwater fever include a rapid pulse, high fever and chills, extreme prostration, a rapidly developing anemia, and the passage of urine

Irish literature: The 1960s and beyond: …and gender dynamics, such as The Blackwater Lightship (1999), which centers on three generations of women caregiving for a male family member who is dying of AIDS. Yet his best-known work, Brooklyn (2009), looked back to the 1950s to tell a haunting story of the mid-century wave of Irish emigration…

Amazon River: Physiography of the river course: …highlands are classified as either blackwater (Jari, Negro, and Tocantins-Araguaia) or clearwater (Trombetas, Xingu, and Tapajós). The blackwater tributaries have higher levels of humic acids (which cause their dark colour) and originate in

River Blackwater, river rising in the uplands on the border of Counties Cork and Kerry, Ireland, and flowing 104 miles (167 km) to the sea at Youghal, County Cork. In its upper course the Blackwater flows between uplands and a sandstone ridge with summits above 2,200 feet (670 m). East–west lines

River Blackwater, river in Northern Ireland, rising in the uplands near the Dungannon Fermanagh district boundaries and fed by a network of small streams northeast of a drainage divide near Fivemiletown. The river flows northeast through southern Dungannon district and then turns southeast, forming

Roosevelt Island, island in the East River, between the boroughs of Manhattan and Queens, New York City. Administratively part of Manhattan, it is 1.5 miles (about 2.5 km) long and 1 8 mile wide, with an area of 139 acres (56 hectares). In 1637 the Dutch governor Wouter van Twiller bought the

Alice Stone Blackwell was a suffragist and editor of the leading American women’s rights newspaper. Alice Stone Blackwell was the daughter of Lucy Stone and of Henry B. Blackwell, who in turn was the brother of Elizabeth Blackwell and brother-in-law of Antoinette Brown Blackwell. Her childhood in

Antoinette Brown Blackwell was the first woman to be ordained a minister of a recognized denomination in the United States. Antoinette Brown was a precocious child and at an early age began to speak at meetings of the Congregational church to which she belonged. She attended Oberlin College,

Specialty Records: Little Richard, Lloyd Price, and a Los Angeles Label: …1955, newly appointed artists-and-repertoire man Robert (“Bumps”) Blackwell went to New Orleans for the label’s first session with Richard, which resulted in “Tutti Frutti.”

Melissa Etheridge: …and bars until 1986, when Chris Blackwell, founder of Island Records, signed her to a recording contract. Her first album, Melissa Etheridge (1988), with its hit single “Bring Me Some Water,” earned her a Grammy Award nomination. Success continued with the release of Brave and Crazy (1989) and Never Enough…

David Blackwell was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and Bayesian statistics and who broke racial barriers when he was named (1965) the first African American member of the U.S. National Academy of

David Blackwell was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and Bayesian statistics and who broke racial barriers when he was named (1965) the first African American member of the U.S. National Academy of

Edward Joseph Blackwell was an American jazz drummer who was known for his role in the development of free jazz beginning in the 1960s. Blackwell played with rhythm-and-blues groups in New Orleans, where he was influenced by the city’s musical tradition and by such drummers as Paul Barbarin. From

Elizabeth Blackwell was an Anglo-American physician who is considered the first woman doctor of medicine in modern times. Elizabeth Blackwell was of a large, prosperous, and cultured family and was well educated by private tutors. Financial reverses and the family’s liberal social and religious

Emily Blackwell was an English-born American physician and educator who, with her elder sister, Elizabeth Blackwell, contributed greatly to the education and acceptance of women medical professionals in the United States. Like her sister, Emily was well educated by the private tutors afforded her

John Blackwell was a poet and prose writer, regarded as the father of the modern Welsh secular lyric. While an apprentice shoemaker, he began attending meetings of the Cymreigyddion, an organization of Welshmen in London dedicated to preserving ancient Welsh literature, and he participated in

Specialty Records: Little Richard, Lloyd Price, and a Los Angeles Label: …1955, newly appointed artists-and-repertoire man Robert (“Bumps”) Blackwell went to New Orleans for the label’s first session with Richard, which resulted in “Tutti Frutti.”

Leroy Carr: …with the guitar playing of Scrapper Blackwell (1903–62); their work was especially notable for the expressive and pensive quality of Carr’s singing and the intimate melancholy in the songs that he wrote, often with Blackwell’s aid. They recorded a large catalog in 1928–35 that made Carr one of the most…

bridge: Blackwood convention: In this convention, devised in 1934 by Easley Blackwood of Indianapolis, Ind., a bid of four no trump asks partner to show his total number of aces. A response of five clubs shows no aces (or all four aces); five diamonds shows one…

Anne Rice: The Vampire Chronicles: (2000), Blood and Gold (2001), Blackwood Farm (2002), Blood Canticle (2003), Prince Lestat (2014), Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis (2016), and Blood Communion (2018). The novels focus largely on the ageless vampire Lestat and a fictitious history of vampires that begins in ancient Egypt.

John Gibson Lockhart: …Tory-oriented Edinburgh Monthly Magazine (later Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine) from the time of its founding in 1817. With others, he wrote the “Translation from an Ancient Chaldee Manuscript,” which lampooned Scottish celebrities in a parody of Old Testament style; this article made Blackwood’s an immediate succès de scandale. Another article, “On…

John Gibson Lockhart: …Tory-oriented Edinburgh Monthly Magazine (later Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine) from the time of its founding in 1817. With others, he wrote the “Translation from an Ancient Chaldee Manuscript,” which lampooned Scottish celebrities in a parody of Old Testament style; this article made Blackwood’s an immediate succès de scandale. Another article, “On…

Algernon Henry Blackwood was a British writer of tales of mystery and the supernatural. After farming in Canada, operating a hotel, mining in the Alaskan goldfields, and working as a newspaper reporter in New York City, experiences that he recalled in Episodes Before Thirty (1923), Blackwood

Caroline Blackwood was an Irish journalist and novelist whose psychological fiction examines physical and emotional deformity. She was married at different times to the British artist Lucian Freud and the American poet Robert Lowell. Blackwood, a descendant of the 18th-century dramatist Richard

Easley Blackwood, Jr. was an American composer whose music combined rhapsodic and romantic passion with chromatic materials and modified serial techniques. Besides composing for standard ensembles and instruments, he also composed for electronic instruments. Blackwood—whose father, Easley

Easley Blackwood, Jr. was an American composer whose music combined rhapsodic and romantic passion with chromatic materials and modified serial techniques. Besides composing for standard ensembles and instruments, he also composed for electronic instruments. Blackwood—whose father, Easley

Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st marquess of Dufferin and Ava was a British diplomat who was a distinguished governor-general of Canada and viceroy of India. The son of the 4th Baron Dufferin, he was educated at Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford. He held undersecretaryships in

William Blackwood was a Scottish bookseller and publisher, founder of the publishing firm of William Blackwood and Sons, Ltd. After learning antiquarian bookselling, Blackwood set up a business in Edinburgh in 1804. By 1810 he was acting in Scotland for several London publishers and publishing on

Black horror: History of Black horror: In Blacula (1972), directed by William Crain, Dracula turns an 18th-century African prince, who asks for his help in ending the slave trade, into a vampire. Other Blaxploitation horror movies of this era include Scream Blacula Scream (1973), Blackenstein (1973), Sugar Hill (1974), and Dr. Black,…

animal breeding: Immunogenetics: For example, bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) is a hereditary disease that was discovered in Holstein calves in the 1980s. The presence of the BLAD gene leads to high rates of bacterial infections, pneumonia, diarrhea, and typically death by age four months in cattle, and those that…

Constantine, city, northeast Algeria. A natural fortress, the city occupies a rocky diamond-shaped plateau that is surrounded, except at the southwest, by a precipitous gorge through the eastern side of which flows the Rhumel River. The plateau is 2,130 feet (650 metres) above sea level and from

bladder, membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a fluid or gas. See gallbladder; swim bladder; urinary

bladderwort: The bladders, or traps, are hollow underwater structures with a flexible door or valve that is kept closed. A physiological process moves water from the interior to the exterior of the bladders, generating a state of low pressure within the traps. If a small animal triggers…

campion: Major species: Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) has large, white, drooping flowers, and it has subspecies in different habitats throughout Europe. Many species are cultivated. Maltese Cross, or Jerusalem Cross (S. chalcedonica), has flowers of such a bright scarlet that they can be difficult to integrate into border…

bladder cancer, disease characterized by the growth of malignant cells within the urinary bladder, the organ responsible for storing urine prior to elimination. Bladder cancer can also be associated with cancers of the kidneys, ureters, or urethra. More than 90 percent of bladder cancers are

senna: The bladder sennas (Colutea species) are Old World shrubs or small trees; their yellow flowers are followed by inflated pods. Scorpion senna (Hippocrepis emerus), also shrubby, is grown as an ornamental for its yellow flowers.

urine: …solution of waste material called final, or bladder, urine. It consists of water, urea (from amino acid metabolism), inorganic salts, creatinine, ammonia, and pigmented products of blood breakdown, one of which (urochrome) gives urine its typically yellowish colour. In addition, any unusual substances for which there is no mechanism of…