aluminum processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Aluminum, or aluminium (Al), is a silvery white metal with a melting point of 660 °C (1,220 °F) and a density of 2.7 grams per cubic cm. The most abundant metallic element, it constitutes 8.1 percent of Earth’s crust. In

topaz: Topaz is an aluminum silicate containing fluorine and has a chemical formula of Al2(F,OH)2SiO4. It is formed by fluorine-bearing vapours given off during the last stages of the crystallization of igneous rocks. It typically occurs in cavities in rhyolites and granite, in pegmatite dikes, and in high-temperature veins.…

materials science: Materials for ground transportation: …Canada, in a program entitled aluminum structured vehicle technology (ASVT), began to investigate the construction of automobile unibodies from adhesively bonded aluminum sheet. The plastics industry, of course, has a powerful interest in replacing as many metal automobile components as possible, and in order to help bring this about a…

aluminum: Compounds: Another major compound is aluminum sulfate, a colourless salt obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on hydrated aluminum oxide. The commercial form is a hydrated crystalline solid with the chemical formula Al2(SO4)3. It is used extensively in paper manufacture as a binder for dyes and as a surface…

boron group element: Trihalides: The electrical conductivity of solid aluminum trichloride (formula AlCl3), in which each aluminum ion has three positive charges, increases rapidly as the temperature is elevated toward the melting point, at which the conductivity suddenly falls to zero. This phenomenon occurs because the aluminum and chloride ions form an ionic lattice…

aluminum processing: Other compounds: Aluminum trihydroxide is used extensively in the production of aluminum chemicals, such as aluminum sulfide, sodium aluminate, aluminum fluoride, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate. It is a raw material in the manufacture of petroleum catalysts, plastic and rubber goods, paper, glass and vitreous enamel, adhesives, varnishes,…

United Steelworkers: The USWA absorbed the Aluminum Workers of America in 1944, reached a total of more than one million members by the mid-1950s, and achieved industry-wide bargaining power in steelmaking. It also won unprecedented benefits for its members in the decades after World War II. Starting in the mid-1970s, however,…

battery: Air-depolarized batteries: Aluminum-air batteries have not been a major commercial success to date, but their light weight and potentially high energy density have attracted much government support in the United States. Research efforts have been concentrated on developing better aluminum alloys and techniques to resist corrosion during…

quasicrystal: Microscopic images of quasicrystalline structures: Quasicrystalline aluminum-copper-iron has been imaged using a scanning electron microscope, revealing the pentagonal dodecahedral shape of the grains. Its 12 faces are regular pentagons, with axes of fivefold rotational symmetry passing through them. That is to say, rotations about this axis by 72° leave the appearance…

materials science: Alloying: Aluminum-lithium alloys are stiffer and less dense than conventional aluminum alloys. They are also “superplastic,” owing to the fine grain size that can now be achieved in processing. Alloys in this group are appropriate for use in engine components exposed to intermediate to high temperatures;…

quasicrystal: Microscopic images of quasicrystalline structures: …metallurgical properties of aluminum-iron and aluminum-manganese alloys. Shechtman and his coworkers mixed aluminum and manganese in a roughly six-to-one proportion and heated the mixture until it melted. The mixture was then rapidly cooled back into the solid state by dropping the liquid onto a cold spinning wheel, a process known…

quasicrystal: Microscopic images of quasicrystalline structures: …electron microscope image of quasicrystalline aluminum-manganese-silicon, parallel rows occur in five sets, rotated from one another by 72°, confirming that the fivefold symmetry suggested by the shape of the pentagonal dodecahedron grain reflects a fivefold symmetry in the actual placement of atoms.

spinel: …into three immiscible series: the spinel (aluminum-spinel) series, in which B is aluminum; the chromite (chromium-spinel) series, in which B is chromium; and the magnetite (iron-spinel) series, in which B is iron.

Western architecture: United States: …his teachings was perhaps the Alumni Hall, Union College, Schenectady, New York, designed in 1858 and completed in 1875, by Edward T. Potter, a pupil of Upjohn. The banded and pointed arches of this building suggest the influence of Ruskin. More successful—and controversial—as an exponent of the Ruskinian aesthetic was…

John Blackwell was a poet and prose writer, regarded as the father of the modern Welsh secular lyric. While an apprentice shoemaker, he began attending meetings of the Cymreigyddion, an organization of Welshmen in London dedicated to preserving ancient Welsh literature, and he participated in

Vanessa Kirby: Aluna Entertainment: The following year they founded Aluna Entertainment. Kirby told Harper’s Bazaar in 2023, “There have been so few female directors, female-led movies and female protagonists in the past, which means there are lots of spaces and genres in which we haven’t seen real, messy, human women on screen before. That’s…

alunite, a widespread rock-forming sulfate mineral that occupies pockets or seams in volcanic rocks such as rhyolites, trachytes, and andesites, where it presumably formed through their chemical reaction with escaping sulfurous vapours. It has been used as a source of potash (during World War I)

alunogen, a sulfate mineral formed by sulfate solutions that attack aluminous minerals; alunogen is hydrated aluminum sulfate, formulated Al2(SO4)317H2O. It typically occurs as an efflorescence or crevice filling in pyrite-containing coal formations, shales, or slates, as well as in the gossan

Alushta, tourist resort, Crimea, Ukraine, on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula. It is the site of a settlement dating from the 6th century ad; in the 14th century it was a Genoan stronghold. Tourism, based on the fine beach and relatively cool summers, developed in the late 19th century.

Alushta, tourist resort, Crimea, Ukraine, on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula. It is the site of a settlement dating from the 6th century ad; in the 14th century it was a Genoan stronghold. Tourism, based on the fine beach and relatively cool summers, developed in the late 19th century.

filefish: The scrawled filefish (Aluterus scriptus) of worldwide distribution may grow about 100 cm (40 inches) long, but most filefishes are considerably smaller. The members of this family are not generally considered good to eat.

Eskimo-Aleut languages: Yupik: …spoken southward from Norton Sound; Pacific Yupik, called Alutiiq, Sugcestun, and Sugpiaq, spoken from the Alaska Peninsula eastward to Prince William Sound; Naukan (Naukanski Siberian Yupik), whose speakers were resettled southward from Cape Dezhnyov, the easternmost point of the Eurasian landmass; Central Siberian Yupik (mainly Yupigestun [Akuzipik, Chaplinski Yupik]), which…

Lozi, a complex of about 25 peoples of about 6 cultural groups inhabiting western Zambia, the area formerly known as Barotseland in Zambia and speaking Benue-Congo languages of the Niger-Congo family. Formerly, the groups were all called Barotse as subjects of the paramount chief of the dominant

Alva, city, seat (1907) of Woods county, northwestern Oklahoma, U.S., on Salt Fork of the Arkansas River near the Kansas border. Established as a land office in 1893 at a Santa Fe Railway stop, it was named for Alva Adams, a railroad attorney and governor of Colorado (1887–89). It is a marketing

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de Alba was a Spanish soldier and statesman famous for his conquest of Portugal (1580) and notorious for his tyranny as governor-general of the Netherlands (1567–73). In the Netherlands he instituted the Council of Troubles (nicknamed the Council of

skateboarding: …young innovative riders such as Tony Alva and Stacey Peralta. The first skate park was built in Florida in 1976, and many others began to appear throughout North and South America, Europe, and Asia, all providing a variety of slopes and banked surfaces for sudden turns and stunts. It was…

Alvar, any of a group of South Indian mystics who from the 7th to the 10th century wandered from temple to temple singing ecstatic hymns in adoration of the god Vishnu. Their counterpart among the followers of the god Shiva were the Nayanars. The name Alvar means, in the Tamil language in which

Pedro de Alvarado was a Spanish conquistador who helped conquer Mexico and Central America for Spain in the 16th century. Alvarado went to Santo Domingo in 1510 and in 1518 commanded one of Juan de Grijalba’s ships sent from Cuba to explore the Yucatán Peninsula. In February 1519 he accompanied the

St. Nuno Álvares Pereira ; canonized April 26, 2009; feast day November 6) was an outstanding Portuguese military leader, known also as the Holy Constable, whose victory over Castilian forces in the historic Battle of Aljubarrota (August 14, 1385) ensured his nation’s independence. Pereira

Manuel Álvarez Bravo was a photographer who was most noted for his poetic images of Mexican people and places. He was part of the artistic renaissance that occurred after the Mexican Revolution (1910–20). Although he was influenced by international developments, notably Surrealism, his art remained

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de Alba was a Spanish soldier and statesman famous for his conquest of Portugal (1580) and notorious for his tyranny as governor-general of the Netherlands (1567–73). In the Netherlands he instituted the Council of Troubles (nicknamed the Council of

Álvarez Quintero brothers, Spanish brothers who collaborated in almost 200 dramas depicting the life, manners, and speech of Andalusia. Serafín Álvarez Quintero (b. March 26, 1871, Utrera, Sevilla, Spain—d. April 12, 1938, Madrid) and Joaquín Álvarez Quintero (b. Jan. 20, 1873, Utrera, Sevilla,

Álvarez Quintero brothers: brothers who collaborated in almost 200 dramas depicting the life, manners, and speech of Andalusia. Serafín Álvarez Quintero (b. March 26, 1871, Utrera, Sevilla, Spain—d. April 12, 1938, Madrid) and Joaquín Álvarez Quintero (b. Jan. 20, 1873, Utrera, Sevilla, Spain—d. June 14, 1944, Madrid) produced…

Álvarez Quintero brothers: Spanish brothers who collaborated in almost 200 dramas depicting the life, manners, and speech of Andalusia. Serafín Álvarez Quintero (b. March 26, 1871, Utrera, Sevilla, Spain—d. April 12, 1938, Madrid) and Joaquín Álvarez Quintero (b. Jan. 20, 1873, Utrera, Sevilla, Spain—d. June 14, 1944, Madrid)…

A. Alvarez was a British novelist, essayist, and critic whose works explore the interaction of public and private forces that shape personality and behaviour. Although Alvarez’s family enjoyed economic and cultural advantages, both of his parents attempted suicide during his childhood. He entered

A. Alvarez was a British novelist, essayist, and critic whose works explore the interaction of public and private forces that shape personality and behaviour. Although Alvarez’s family enjoyed economic and cultural advantages, both of his parents attempted suicide during his childhood. He entered

A. Alvarez was a British novelist, essayist, and critic whose works explore the interaction of public and private forces that shape personality and behaviour. Although Alvarez’s family enjoyed economic and cultural advantages, both of his parents attempted suicide during his childhood. He entered

Juan Álvarez was a revolutionary leader for more than 40 years, before and after the end of Spanish rule, and provisional president of Mexico in 1855. A landowner of mestizo ancestry, Álvarez in 1811 joined José María Morelos in an unsuccessful campaign for independence from Spain. He was prominent

Julia Alvarez is a Dominican-American author and educator best known for her stories and poems for adults and young people. Many of her works have been published in both Spanish and English. Alvarez was born in New York City to political exiles from the Dominican Republic. When she was a few months

Luis Alvarez was an American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968 for work that included the discovery of many resonance particles (subatomic particles having extremely short lifetimes and occurring only in high-energy nuclear collisions). Alvarez studied

Luis Alvarez was an American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968 for work that included the discovery of many resonance particles (subatomic particles having extremely short lifetimes and occurring only in high-energy nuclear collisions). Alvarez studied

Luis Alvarez was an American experimental physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1968 for work that included the discovery of many resonance particles (subatomic particles having extremely short lifetimes and occurring only in high-energy nuclear collisions). Alvarez studied

Walter Alvarez is an American geologist and expert on plate tectonics and mountain formation, best known for the so-called asteroid theory—put forward by Alvarez and his father, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez, in the 1980s—which states that the impact of an asteroid on Earth may have

Spain: The independent emirate: Incited by the extremist chiefs Alvarus and Eulogius (the latter being canonized after his death), the Mozarabs sought to strengthen their Christian faith through the aura of martyrdom and began to publicly revile the Prophet Muhammad, an action punishable by death from 850 onward, according to Mozarabic sources. The emir…

museum: Africa: Mozambique’s first museum, the Alvaro de Castro Natural History Museum in Maputo, was founded in 1913. Meanwhile in North Africa the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (founded 1835) had been relocated to its new building in 1902, and certain of the collections had been transferred to form two new institutions:…

Kongo: …known as the Jagas, and Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni (reigned 1568–87) was able to restore Kongo only with Portuguese assistance. In exchange, he allowed them to settle in at Luanda (a Kongo territory) and create the Portuguese colony that became Angola. Relations with Angola soon soured and then worsened…

Corrado Alvaro was an Italian novelist and journalist whose works investigated the social and political pressures of life in the 20th century. His works were often set in Calabria, southern Italy. Alvaro began his career as a writer in 1916, working on daily newspapers in Bologna and Milan.

Marcelo T. de Alvear was a statesman and political leader who served as president of Argentina from 1922 until 1928. Alvear belonged to a distinguished Argentine family. He was educated at the University of Buenos Aires, where he received a doctor of jurisprudence degree. He was a cofounder in 1890

Marcelo T. de Alvear was a statesman and political leader who served as president of Argentina from 1922 until 1928. Alvear belonged to a distinguished Argentine family. He was educated at the University of Buenos Aires, where he received a doctor of jurisprudence degree. He was a cofounder in 1890

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: …John Baret’s work of 1573, An Alveary, or Triple Dictionary, in English, Latin, and French. In his preface Baret acknowledged that the work was brought together by his students in the course of their exercises, and the title Alveary was to commemorate their “beehive” of industry. The first rhyming dictionary,…

Gustav, count von Alvensleben-Erxleben: …this agreement, known as the Alvensleben Convention (1863), was repudiated by the Prussian government and allowed to pass into oblivion. Subsequently appointed lieutenant general (1863) and general of the infantry (1868), Alvensleben saw service in the Franco-German war (1870–71) as head of the 3rd Army Corps.

Gustav, count von Alvensleben-Erxleben was a Prussian general and adjutant general who was the chief personal adviser to King (later Emperor) William I. As a member of the Prussian general staff (1847–58), Alvensleben participated in the suppression of the revolution of 1849 in Baden and was named

human digestive system: The gums: …tissues receive branches from the alveolar arteries; these vessels, called alveolar because of their relationship to the alveoli dentales, or tooth sockets, also supply the teeth and the spongy bone of the upper and lower jaws, in which the teeth are lodged.

Latin language: …probably /w/; a dental or alveolar series (produced with the tongue against the front teeth or the alveolar ridge behind the upper front teeth) /t d n s l/ and possibly /r/; a velar series (produced with the tongue approaching or contacting the velum or soft palate) /k g/ and…

alveolar ridge, in anatomy, the raised thickened border extending from the maxilla (the upper jaw) and the mandible (the lower jaw) that contains the sockets for the teeth. The alveolar ridge is made up of both soft tissue and hard tissue, the latter consisting primarily of the alveolar bone.

poison: Inhalation: The alveolar region has the slowest rate of particle clearance in the entire respiratory system, unless the particles are water-soluble, in which case they are cleared readily by dissolution. Water-insoluble particles in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli are removed by cellular means, principally by macrophages—scavenger cells…

protozoan: Annotated classification: Alveolata Alveolar sacs (alveolae) present beneath the plasma membrane and may contain rigid material (such as glucose) that confers a distinctive texture to the surface of the cell. Transverse (equatorial) cell division. Mitochondrial cristae are tubular. Ciliophora Ciliated. Possess a special type of flagellar apparatus…

pulmonary alveolus, any of the small air spaces in the lungs where carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen enters it. Air, entering the lungs during inhalation, travels through numerous passageways called bronchi and then flows into approximately 300,000,000 alveoli at the ends of the

pulmonary alveolus, any of the small air spaces in the lungs where carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen enters it. Air, entering the lungs during inhalation, travels through numerous passageways called bronchi and then flows into approximately 300,000,000 alveoli at the ends of the

Amalie Skram was a novelist, one of the foremost Naturalist writers of her time in Norway. The daughter of an unsuccessful speculator, Skram had an unhappy childhood in a divided home. She was then disappointed by her early marriage to an older man and their subsequent divorce. Later on, she

Rita Moreno is a Puerto Rican-born American actress, dancer, and singer who accomplished the rare feat of winning the four major North American entertainment awards (EGOT): Emmy (1977, 1978), Grammy (1972), Oscar (1962), and Tony (1975). She was also the first Hispanic woman to receive an Oscar

Rita Moreno is a Puerto Rican-born American actress, dancer, and singer who accomplished the rare feat of winning the four major North American entertainment awards (EGOT): Emmy (1977, 1978), Grammy (1972), Oscar (1962), and Tony (1975). She was also the first Hispanic woman to receive an Oscar

Milwaukee: The contemporary city: are Marquette University (1881), Alverno College (1887), Cardinal Stritch University (1937), the Medical College of Wisconsin (1893), Mount Mary University (1913), Milwaukee School of Engineering (1903), Milwaukee Area Technical College (1912), and the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (1885). Milwaukee has a symphony orchestra and ballet and opera companies, as well…

Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, duke de Caxias was a military hero and statesman who gave the military a prominent position in the government of the Brazilian empire. Caxias kept up his family’s tradition by joining the military service at age 14, and within a year he was promoted to second lieutenant.

Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves was the president of Brazil from 1902 to 1906, generally considered one of the outstanding civilian holders of that office. First elected to public office in 1872, Rodrigues Alves was president of São Paulo state in 1900–02 and 1912–16. During his term as Brazil’s

Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Environmental costs: …Gulf (ECOGIG) aboard the submersible Alvin—which had famously been involved in investigating the wreckage of the Titanic—noted some ecological recovery of oiled areas of the seafloor, though detectable oil levels in sediment cores remained the same as they had been four years earlier.

Alvin Ailey, Jr.: …choreographer, and director of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.

The American contingent at the 1900 Paris Olympic Games was not particularly well organized. Unlike athletes from most other countries, the Americans did not compete wearing a national uniform. Instead, they wore the colours of the military branches or colleges for which they competed at home—and

X: Later members included Dave Alvin (b. November 11, 1955, Los Angeles, California) and Tony Gilkyson.

the Alvings, fictional characters, a family now consisting of mother (Helen) and son (Oswald), in Henrik Ibsen’s drama Gengangere (1881; Ghosts). Both characters continue to be affected by the dissolute behaviour of Captain Alving, Helen’s husband and Oswald’s father, long after the captain’s

Siege of Mantua: …Graf von Wurmser and Baron Josef Alvintzy, in four successive tries, repeated the same mistakes of giving priority to lifting the Siege of Mantua, rather than first trying to destroy Napoleon’s 40,000-man Army of Italy, and of deploying their armies too far apart to coordinate their attacks effectively. Napoleon utilized…

Mocenigo Family: His nephew Alvise I (1507–77) was doge from 1570; his reign was dominated by a new war with the Turks in which Nicosia and Famagusta were lost but in which the great naval victory of Lepanto was won. The family suffered a political eclipse for the next…

Mocenigo Family: …Alvise I became doge as Alvise II from 1700 to 1709, followed a few years later by Alvise III Sebastiano, doge from 1723 to 1732. A distant cousin, Alvise IV (1701–78), was doge from 1763 to 1778 and sought to reverse the declining fortunes of the republic by an enlightened…

Mocenigo Family: …a few years later by Alvise III Sebastiano, doge from 1723 to 1732. A distant cousin, Alvise IV (1701–78), was doge from 1763 to 1778 and sought to reverse the declining fortunes of the republic by an enlightened commercial policy and a series of measures in restraint of clerical wealth…

Mocenigo Family: A distant cousin, Alvise IV (1701–78), was doge from 1763 to 1778 and sought to reverse the declining fortunes of the republic by an enlightened commercial policy and a series of measures in restraint of clerical wealth and privilege that provoked a conflict with Pope Clement XIII.

20th-century international relations: Events in Southeast Asia and Africa: In the Alvor agreement of January 1975 all three agreed to form a coalition, but civil war resumed in July. By the end of the year the MPLA had been reinforced by 10,000 Cuban soldiers airlifted to Luanda by the U.S.S.R. In the United States the imperative…

Freedmen’s Bank: John W. Alvord, a Congregational minister, and Anson M. Sperry, a U.S. Army paymaster, individually identified that need and attempted to foster the creation of such an institution in early 1865. Alvord’s efforts culminated in the legislation passed by Congress on March 3 that incorporated…

Älvsborg, former län (county) of southwestern Sweden, located to the west and south of Lake Vänern. Formed as a county in 1634, it was merged with the counties of Göteborg och Bohus and Skaraborg in 1998 to form the county of Västra

Sudan: Medieval Christian kingdoms: …Dongola); and the kingdom of ʿAlwah in the south, with its capital at Sūbah (Soba) near what is now Khartoum. Between 543 and 575 these three kingdoms were converted to Christianity by the work of Julian, a missionary who proselytized in Nobatia (543–545), and his successor Longinus, who between 569…

Alwar, city, northeastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on the eastern edge of the Alwar Hills (a portion of the Aravalli Range), roughly equidistant from Delhi (northeast) and Jaipur (southwest). The city is surrounded by a wall and moat and is dominated by a fort on a

Holly Hunter: …Dreyfuss in Steven Spielberg’s romance Always (1989) and in Lasse Hallström’s Once Around (1991), and she starred with Gena Rowlands and Bill Pullman in the 1992 TV movie Crazy in Love.

Keanu Reeves: … (2017), Destination Wedding (2018), and Always Be My Maybe (2019). In 2020 he returned to his first movie franchise, starring in the well-received Bill & Ted Face the Music. Reeves turned to another iconic series when he reprised the role of Neo in The Matrix Resurrections (2021).

Ursula K. Le Guin: Always Coming Home (1985) concerns the Kesh, survivors of nuclear war in California, and includes poetry, prose, legends, autobiography, and a tape recording of Kesh music. In 2008 Le Guin made literary news with Lavinia, a metatextual examination of a minor character from Virgil’s Aeneid…

Willie Nelson: …crossover success with the album Always on My Mind (1982) and the single “To All the Girls I’ve Loved Before” (1984), a duet with Julio Iglesias. After making his film acting debut in The Electric Horseman (1979), Nelson appeared in such movies as Honeysuckle Rose (1980)—which introduced what would become…

Walter Mosley: Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned (1997; filmed as Always Outnumbered for television, 1998), a collection of stories set in contemporary Watts, features the ex-convict Socrates Fortlow. Mosley returned to the Fortlow character in the stories of Walkin’ the Dog (1999) and in the novel The Right…

Alwar, city, northeastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on the eastern edge of the Alwar Hills (a portion of the Aravalli Range), roughly equidistant from Delhi (northeast) and Jaipur (southwest). The city is surrounded by a wall and moat and is dominated by a fort on a

Alxa Plateau, southernmost portion of the Gobi (desert), occupying about 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 square km) in north-central China. Covering the western portions of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the northern part of Gansu province, it is bounded by the Huang He (Yellow River) and

Alyattes was the king of Lydia, in west-central Anatolia (reigned c. 610–c. 560 bc), whose conquest created the powerful but short-lived Lydian empire. Soon after succeeding his father, King Sadyattes, Alyattes started five consecutive years of raids that devastated the farmland around the Greek

Affirmed: Breeding and early years: …would forever be linked to Alydar, against whom he would battle throughout his racing life. Affirmed’s first race was on May 24, 1977, at Belmont Park in New York, an easy win that he followed with a victory in the Youthful Stakes on June 15. Alydar was also entered in…

Alexander Alekhine was a world champion chess player from 1927 to 1935 and from 1937 until his death, noted for using a great variety of attacks. (Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess & Deep Blue.) Alekhine was a precocious chess player, becoming a master at age 16 and a grandmaster at

Viktor Mikhaylovich Vasnetsov: …the Gray Wolf (1889), and Alyonushka (1881) were extremely popular in Russia. They became, in a sense, surrogates for Russian history, and during the Soviet era many were reproduced in schoolbooks and on consumer goods such as calendars, posters, and boxes of chocolates. That one of his most important paintings—Bogatyrs…

Alypius was the author of Eisagōgē mousikē (Introduction to Music), a work that contains tabular descriptions of two forms of ancient Greek notation; the tables indicate the interaction of the notation with the Greek modal system. Although the work was written well after the music in question, it

stylite: Alypius reportedly stayed atop his column for 67 years.

Francis Alÿs is a Belgian-born Mexico-based conceptual artist who uses a variety of new and more-traditional media to evoke an often poetic sense of dislocation on social and political issues. Alÿs was raised in Herfelingen in Belgium, where his father was an appeals court justice. Trained as an

Alysheba, (foaled 1984), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) that in 1987 won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes but lost at Belmont, ending his bid for the coveted Triple Crown of American horse racing. Alysheba was purchased as a yearling in 1985 for $500,000 by Dorothy Scharbauer and her

sweet alyssum, (Lobularia maritima), annual or short-lived perennial herb of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is native to the Mediterranean region. Sweet alyssum is widely grown as a border ornamental for its fragrant clusters of small flowers. Sweet alyssum has white four-petaled flowers;

basket-of-gold, (Aurinia saxatilis), ornamental perennial plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with golden yellow clusters of tiny flowers and gray-green foliage. Basket-of-gold is native to sunny areas of central and southern Europe, usually growing in thin rocky soils. It forms a dense

Alytus, city, southern Lithuania. It lies along the Neman (Lithuanian: Nemunas) River, 37 miles (60 km) south of Kaunas. The city dates from the 14th century. In the 20th century it developed as an industrial centre, with factories producing refrigerators, chemical products, linen, and clothing.

Myrtales: Family distributions and abundance: Alzateaceae consists of a single genus with one or two species, particularly a scrambling shrub or treelet that occurs from Bolivia, throughout the Andes, to Costa Rica.

Luxembourg: …sandstone plateau into which the Alzette River and its tributary, the Petrusse, have cut deep winding ravines. Within a loop of the Alzette, a rocky promontory called the Bock (Bouc) forms a natural defensive position where the Romans and later the Franks built a fort, around which the medieval town…