Alicante, provincia (province) in Valencia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southeastern Spain. It was formed in 1833 from parts of the historical provinces of Valencia and Murcia. The barren mountain terrain of the north and northwest stands in contrast to the densely populated southern

alicatado, mosaic formed of polygonal, coloured glazed tiles. Made up into geometric patterns, they have been used mostly for paving Spanish and Moorish patios but also for wall surfaces. The expansion of the lands under Christian control in Spain in the 13th century led to a mixture of Gothic and

Alice, town, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. It lies on the southwestern bank of the Tyume River, west-northwest of East London, at an elevation of 1,720 feet (524 m). Alice began as a mission station established by the Glasgow Missionary Society for the Xhosa people in 1824. It was named

Robert Wilson: …Rider (1990) and continued with Alice (1992), a retelling of the Lewis Carroll books, both with music by Tom Waits. The final installment, Time Rocker (1996), had more to do with Wilson’s minimalist decor and lighting and less with music (by Lou Reed) and dialogue (by Darryl Pinckney). Dubbed “art…

Jan Švankmajer: …film, Něco z Alenky (1988; Alice), is a sinister adaptation of Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865). The film combines animation, puppetry, and live action to evoke a fantasy-like quality while distorting these elements to create an ominous atmosphere.

Woody Allen: The 1990s and sexual-abuse allegations: Alice (1990), an extremely quiet film, received indifferent reviews, but it arguably contained Farrow’s best performance in any of Allen’s films as a wealthy woman who is sent down a fantasy rabbit hole by an ancient Chinese sage. After performing opposite Bette Midler in Paul…

Alice Adams, novel by Booth Tarkington, published in 1921. The story of the disintegration of a lower-middle-class family in a small Midwestern town, Alice Adams was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for best novel in 1922. A social climber, the title character is ashamed of her unsuccessful family.

George Stevens: Swing Time, Gunga Din, and Woman of the Year: …given his first high-profile assignment, Alice Adams, an adaptation of Booth Tarkington’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel. It starred Katharine Hepburn as a lonely small-town woman who tries desperately to become a member of the elite social circle; Fred MacMurray was her upper-class beau and Hattie McDaniel her hired maid. The film…

Alice Cooper: …popular, as did its follow-up, Alice Cooper Goes to Hell (1976). His next several albums were disappointments, however, as his addiction to alcohol and cocaine took an increasing toll. After a 1983 hospitalization, Cooper recovered his health and achieved sobriety, and he later regained the spotlight with Constrictor (1986) and…

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 1970s: Mean Streets, Taxi Driver, and New York, New York: …mainstream studio picture, the tamer Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore (1974), which had little of the pyrotechnic invention of Mean Streets. But in its own subdued way, Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore was an effective drama about a widow, Alice (Ellen Burstyn), who strikes out from New Mexico to California…

Disney Company: Early years and Mickey Mouse: …Disney produced the short subject Alice in Cartoonland, a film combining both live action and animation that was intended to be the pilot film in a series. Within weeks of its completion, Disney filed for bankruptcy and left Kansas City to establish himself in Hollywood as a cinematographer. Alice in…

graphic novel: The graphic novel grows up: Brian Talbot’s Alice in Sunderland (2007) attempts to draw closer association with theatre, with the text becoming a site of performance, whereas some of Alan Moore’s comics, such as The Birth Caul (1999) and Snakes and Ladders (2001), explore psychogeography and take on a lyrical, poetic form…

Alice in Wonderland, American animated musical film, released in 1951, that was a madcap family classic based on Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland (1865) and included elements of his later sequel, Through the Looking-Glass (1871). It was produced by Walt Disney. The film centres on the adventures

Avril Lavigne: …“Alice” for Tim Burton’s film Alice in Wonderland (2010). In 2007 two songwriters sued Lavigne over her hit song “Girlfriend,” which they claimed had been plagiarized from their 1979 song “I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend.” The case was settled out of court.

Norman Z. McLeod: Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields: In 1933 McLeod helmed Alice in Wonderland, an elaborate adaptation of Lewis Carroll’s classic novels. The film was a box-office disappointment despite featuring a number of notable actors—Cary Grant as the Mock Turtle, Cooper as the White Knight, Fields as Humpty Dumpty, and Edward Everett Horton as the

Alice Nielsen: In 1897 she formed the Alice Nielsen Comic Opera Company. Her greatest successes with her own company were Victor Herbert’s The Fortune Teller (1898) and The Singing Girl (1899), both written for her.

Alice Springs, town, Northern Territory, Australia. It is the main focus of the Centre, a name given to approximately 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km) of central Australia that includes large areas of desert and rocky ridges. Alice Springs lies on the intermittent Todd River and the Stuart

Sacha Baron Cohen: …portrayed the villainous Time in Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016). He then debuted the television series Who Is America? in 2018, once again creating several outlandish characters to interview unsuspecting politicians and celebrities to reveal their prejudices. The next year the comedian assumed a more serious role when he…

Alice Walker: Later work and controversies: The documentary film Alice Walker: Beauty in Truth was released in 2013. In 2022 Walker chose to publish Gathering Blossoms Under Fire, a deeply intimate collection of her journals, telling The New York Times, “I want the journals to be used so that people can see this working…

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, widely beloved British children’s book by Lewis Carroll, published in 1865. With its fantastical tales and riddles, it became one of the most popular works of English-language fiction. It was notably illustrated by British artist John Tenniel. The story centres on

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, widely beloved British children’s book by Lewis Carroll, published in 1865. With its fantastical tales and riddles, it became one of the most popular works of English-language fiction. It was notably illustrated by British artist John Tenniel. The story centres on

Arthur Penn: Films of the later 1960s: …Clyde with the kinder, gentler Alice’s Restaurant (1969), the plot of which was based on singer-songwriter Arlo Guthrie’s 18-minute-long narrative song. Penn, who cowrote the screenplay, evocatively captured the flavour of that song and the hippie counterculture that it celebrated, earning another Academy Award nomination as best director.

Arlo Guthrie: …humorous 18-minute talking song “Alice’s Restaurant Massacree” (1967), which tells the essentially true story of how Guthrie’s arrest for littering gave him a criminal record that made him ineligible for the military draft during the Vietnam War. Two years later the song’s evocation of the counterculture of the 1960s…

ballet: Ballet in the cultural milieu: The Ballet Nacional de Cuba was founded in 1948 by Cuban ballerina Alicia Alonso, who also headed the National School of Ballet Alicia Alonso (founded 1950). It provides a good model of how a western European tradition is taken up and reinterpreted to suit national and…

alicyclic compound, in chemistry, any of a large class of organic compounds in which three or more atoms of the element carbon are linked together in a ring. The bonds between pairs of adjacent atoms may all be of the type designated single bonds (involving two electrons), or some of them may be

Shiʿi: Early development: …successor and, thereafter, members of ʿAlī’s family. Others, however, maintained that with Muhammad’s death the link between God and humankind had ended and the community was to make its own way forward.

armillary sphere: …with diametric sight rules, or alidades, and it is likely that those made and used in the 12th century by Moors in Spain were the prototypes of all later European armillary spheres.

alien, hypothetical intelligent extraterrestrial being. See extraterrestrial intelligence. See also extraterrestrial life; unidentified flying

Alien, American science-fiction–horror film, released in 1979 and directed by Ridley Scott, that chronicles the struggle of the crew of a deep-space commercial spacecraft to survive an encounter with a terrifying alien creature. The film stars Sigourney Weaver, Tom Skerritt, and John Hurt. Alien,

alien, in national and international law, a foreign-born resident who is not a citizen by virtue of parentage or naturalization and who is still a citizen or subject of another country. In early times, the tendency was to look upon the alien as an enemy and to treat him as a criminal or outlaw.

Alien: Sequels and crossovers: …1980s and ’90s: Aliens (1986), Alien 3 (1992), and Alien Resurrection (1997). Weaver played Ripley in the sequels, which focus on Ripley’s frantic quest to keep the alien lifeforms from reaching Earth. Prometheus (2012), a prequel of sorts directed by Ridley Scott, explores questions regarding the origins of human life.…

Alien and Sedition Acts, (1798), four internal security laws passed by the U.S. Congress, restricting aliens and curtailing the excesses of an unrestrained press, in anticipation of an expected war with France. After the XYZ Affair (1797), war with France had appeared inevitable. Federalists, aware

Africa: Migrations: …as the enforcement of the Alien Compliance Order of 1969 in Ghana.

Smith Act, U.S. federal law passed in 1940 that made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrow of the government or to organize or be a member of any group or society devoted to such advocacy. The first prosecutions under the Smith Act, of leaders of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP),

Alien: Sequels and crossovers: (1986), Alien 3 (1992), and Alien Resurrection (1997). Weaver played Ripley in the sequels, which focus on Ripley’s frantic quest to keep the alien lifeforms from reaching Earth. Prometheus (2012), a prequel of sorts directed by Ridley Scott, explores questions regarding the origins of human life. A 2017 sequel to…

conservation: Introduced species: The case histories previously discussed often implicate introduced species as a cause of species extinctions. Humans have spread species deliberately as they colonized new areas, just one example being the Polynesians as they settled the eastern Pacific islands. New Yorkers in the 1890s…

Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), U.S. law, originally a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789, that grants to U.S. federal courts original jurisdiction over any civil action brought by an alien (a foreign national) for a tort in violation of international law or a U.S. treaty. (A tort is any wrongful

Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), U.S. law, originally a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789, that grants to U.S. federal courts original jurisdiction over any civil action brought by an alien (a foreign national) for a tort in violation of international law or a U.S. treaty. (A tort is any wrongful

Alien: Sequels and crossovers: A 2017 sequel to Prometheus, Alien: Covenant, continues the former film’s story. A further sequel to Alien, Alien: Romulus, is scheduled to be released in the summer of 2024. The film’s story is set in the period between the events of Alien and Aliens.

property law: Subsequent acquisition: …of contract and freedom of alienation of property (i.e., the rights to enter freely into enforceable contracts on terms agreed to by the parties and to transfer property to whomever the owner wishes, on terms of his choosing) are the twin foundations of a market economy, and, despite the challenges…

alienation, in social sciences, the state of feeling estranged or separated from one’s milieu, work, products of work, or self. Despite its popularity in the analysis of contemporary life, the idea of alienation remains an ambiguous concept with elusive meanings, the following variants being most

alienation effect, idea central to the dramatic theory of the German dramatist-director Bertolt Brecht. It involves the use of techniques designed to distance the audience from emotional involvement in the play through jolting reminders of the artificiality of the theatrical performance. Examples

Eleanor of Aquitaine was the queen consort of both Louis VII of France (1137–52) and Henry II of England (1152–1204) and mother of Richard I (the Lionheart) and John of England. She was perhaps the most powerful woman in 12th-century Europe. Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke

Eleanor of Aquitaine was the queen consort of both Louis VII of France (1137–52) and Henry II of England (1152–1204) and mother of Richard I (the Lionheart) and John of England. She was perhaps the most powerful woman in 12th-century Europe. Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke

Alien: Sequels and crossovers: …in the 1980s and ’90s: Aliens (1986), Alien 3 (1992), and Alien Resurrection (1997). Weaver played Ripley in the sequels, which focus on Ripley’s frantic quest to keep the alien lifeforms from reaching Earth. Prometheus (2012), a prequel of sorts directed by Ridley Scott, explores questions regarding the origins of…

United Kingdom: Whigs and Tories: Godolphin passed the Aliens Act (1705), which would have prohibited all trade between England and Scotland—no mere scare tactic in light of the commercial policy that was crippling the Irish economy. Rather than risk economic strangulation, Scottish leaders negotiated for a permanent union, a compact the English monarchy…

Austin Butler: Teen sitcoms and other early credits: …debut in the family comedy Aliens in the Attic. He then landed a recurring role on the drama Life Unexpected (2010–11), but the show was canceled after one season. In 2011 he appeared in his first starring role, playing a thief who targets celebrities’ homes in the TV movie The…

clay mineral: Interstratified clay minerals: hydrobiotite (trioctahedral mica/vermiculite), aliettite (talc/saponite), and kulkeite (talc/chlorite). Other than the ABAB . . . type with equal numbers of the two component layers in a structure, many modes of layer-stacking sequences ranging from nearly regular to completely random are possible. The following interstratifications of two components are…

Azerbaijan: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, dissolution of the Soviet Union, and presidency of Heydar Aliyev: …overthrown in June 1993 by Heydar Aliyev, a former KGB official and leader of the Azerbaijani Communist Party who had adopted the rhetoric of Azerbaijani nationalism.

artificial life, computer simulation of life, often used to study essential properties of living systems (such as evolution and adaptive behaviour). Artificial life became a recognized discipline in the 1980s, in part through the impetus of American computer scientist Christopher Langton, who named

Aligarh, city, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies at the southern edge of the Upper Ganges-Yamuna Doab, about 65 miles (100 km) southeast of Delhi and some 25 miles (40 km) southwest of the Ganges (Ganga) River. The city itself is usually called Koil or Kol; Aligarh is the name of

Uttar Pradesh: Education: …universities in Uttar Pradesh are Aligarh Muslim University (1875), founded by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan; Banaras Hindu University (1916) in Varanasi, founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya; and the University of Lucknow (1921). Among the state’s many institutes for specialized studies and research are the Indian Institute of Technology at…

Margarita Iosifovna Aliger was a Russian poet, journalist, and Soviet propagandist. Born into a poor family, Aliger was a committed communist from an early age. She studied writing in Moscow from 1934 to 1937 at what later became the Gorky Literary Institute. In the late 1930s she wrote prose

Dante was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem La commedia, later named La divina commedia (The Divine Comedy). Dante’s Divine Comedy, a landmark in Italian literature and among the greatest works

road: Alignment and profile: After a route has been selected, a three-dimensional road alignment and its associated cross-sectional profiles are produced. In order to reduce the amount of earth to be moved, the alignment is adjusted where practical so that the earth to be excavated is…

alignment, monument consisting of multiple rows of large upright stones, primarily located in Brittany and built during Neolithic and Early Bronze times. See

nomogram, calculating chart with scales that contain values of three or more mathematical variables, widely used in medicine, engineering, industry, and the biological and physical sciences. In the most common form, a nomogram consists of three parallel graduated lines, known values on any two

nature worship: Nature as a sacred totality: The ariki, or alii, the nobility of Polynesia, have more mana than commoners, and both their land and the insignia associated with them have mana. Besides areas and symbolic elements that are associated with the ariki, many objects and animals having special relationships with chiefs, warriors,…

ʿulamāʾ, the learned of Islam, those who possess the quality of ʿilm, “learning,” in its widest sense. From the ʿulamāʾ, who are versed theoretically and practically in the Muslim sciences, come the religious teachers of the Islamic community—theologians, canon lawyers (muftis), judges (qadis),

Nerva: …Nerva’s government, the system of alimenta, or trusts for the maintenance of poor children in Italy, may have been the work of Trajan. In order to secure the succession, Nerva in 97 adopted and took as his colleague Marcus Ulpius Trajanus (Trajan), governor of one of the German provinces, who…

bolus, food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva. Chewing helps to reduce food particles to a size readily swallowed; saliva adds digestive enzymes, water, and mucus that help chemically to reduce food particles, hydrate them for taste, and lubricate them for easy swallowing. The

gastrointestinal tract, pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. See

alimentary paste, a shaped and dried dough prepared from semolina, farina, wheat flour, or a mixture of these with water or milk and with or without egg or egg yolk. See

gastrointestinal tract, pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. See

alimony, in divorce law, compensation owed by one spouse to the other for financial support after divorce. Alimony aims at support of the one spouse, not punishment of the other. In some places, the term means simply a property settlement irrespective of future support. Alimony has traditionally

Treaty of Alinagar, (Feb. 9, 1757), pact concluded in India by the British agent Robert Clive after his recovery of Calcutta on Jan. 2, 1757, from the nawab of Bengal, Sirāj-ud-Dawlah. The treaty was the prelude to the British seizure of Bengal. The Nawab had seized Calcutta in June 1756, but he

Stanislas-Jean, chevalier de Boufflers: …chiefly for his picaresque romance, Aline, reine de Golconde (“Aline, Queen of Golconde”).

Grant Achatz: …(an enthusiastic Trio customer) launched Alinea, where Achatz had free rein for his increasingly inventive style. Within two years Gourmet magazine pronounced Alinea the country’s best restaurant. In 2008 the JBF named Achatz the best chef in the United States, and in 2010 Alinea was awarded a coveted three stars…

Hindu Kush: Drainage: …as the Panjshēr (Panjshīr), the Alīngār, the Konar, and the Panjkora, follow the northeast-to-southwest direction and are then suddenly deflected toward the east-west axis by the Kābul River, into which they flow. The Yarkhun and Ghizar river valleys also take the same east-to-west direction. The Chitral River drains the southern…

Saul Alinsky was an American social organizer who stimulated the creation of numerous activist citizen and community groups. After college training in archaeology and criminology, Alinsky worked as a criminologist in Illinois for eight years. In 1938, he undertook his first community organizing

Saul Alinsky was an American social organizer who stimulated the creation of numerous activist citizen and community groups. After college training in archaeology and criminology, Alinsky worked as a criminologist in Illinois for eight years. In 1938, he undertook his first community organizing

Hosain Rahman: …of the wearable technology company Aliph (also known as Jawbone).

aliphatic compound, any chemical compound belonging to the organic class in which the atoms are connected by single, double, or triple bonds to form nonaromatic structures. One of the major structural groups of organic molecules, the aliphatic compounds include the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes and

Hosain Rahman: …of the wearable technology company Aliph (also known as Jawbone).

Alipore, town, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It is a southern suburb of Kolkata (Calcutta) situated just south of the Hugli (Hooghly) River and is included within the municipality. Alipore has major industries including printing and bookbinding, cement manufacture, oilseed

Alipore, town, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It is a southern suburb of Kolkata (Calcutta) situated just south of the Hugli (Hooghly) River and is included within the municipality. Alipore has major industries including printing and bookbinding, cement manufacture, oilseed

Alipur Duar, town, northeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It is situated on a level plain on the Kalyani River, about 10 miles (16 km) north-northeast of Koch Bihar. Alipur Duar is an important railway junction for northern West Bengal, and it is also connected by road with Koch Bihar

Alipur Duar, town, northeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It is situated on a level plain on the Kalyani River, about 10 miles (16 km) north-northeast of Koch Bihar. Alipur Duar is an important railway junction for northern West Bengal, and it is also connected by road with Koch Bihar

Aliquippa, city, Beaver county, western Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River just northwest of Pittsburgh. Settled about 1750 as a post for trade with Delaware, Iroquois, and Shawnee Indians, it was first known as Logstown and was later renamed for “Queen” Aliquippa, probably a Seneca.

Alişar Hüyük, site of an ancient Anatolian town southeast of Boğazköy in central Turkey. Thorough and extensive excavations there by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (1927–32) were the first systematic stratigraphic investigations on the Anatolian plateau. In the long succession

African literature: Xhosa: Bongela’s Alitshoni lingenandaba (1971; “The Sun Does Not Set Without News”), the reader is led to a revelation of the corruption that results when traditional ties are broken. Christianity and urban corruption are at the centre of Witness K. Tamsanqa’s Inzala kaMlungisi (1954; “The Progeny of…

Southeast Asian arts: Malaysia and Indonesia: …journal under the editorship of Takdir Alisjahbana appeared, containing poems and essays written by various authors in the new Malay, which they now called Indonesian. The editor himself later wrote in Indonesian a number of popular novels containing social criticism, which were imitated by other writers. During the Japanese occupation…

water plantain, (genus Alisma), any freshwater perennial herb of the genus Alisma (family Alismataceae), commonly found in lakes, ponds, and ditches. The 9 to 11 species of water plantains are primarily distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, 3 being native to North America. Water plantains

water plantain: subcordatum and A. orientale (sometimes listed as a subspecies of A. plantago-aquatica), have been used as food and in traditional Native American and Chinese medicine.

water plantain: …variety of the European species A. plantago-aquatica, is common throughout North America. The plant grows to about 1 metre (39 inches) in height and has ovate, slightly pointed leaves. The flowers grow in whorls along a many-branched stalk. Some species, including A. subcordatum and A. orientale (sometimes listed as a…

water plantain: Some species, including A. subcordatum and A. orientale (sometimes listed as a subspecies of A. plantago-aquatica), have been used as food and in traditional Native American and Chinese medicine.

water plantain: Alisma triviale, regarded by some authorities as a New World variety of the European species A. plantago-aquatica, is common throughout North America. The plant grows to about 1 metre (39 inches) in height and has ovate, slightly pointed leaves. The flowers grow in whorls along…

Alismatales, arrowhead and pondweed order of nearly 4,800 species of flowering plants, belonging to the monocotyledon (monocot) group, whose species have a single seed leaf. The group includes a number of ornamentals and houseplants, as well as several flowers that are important in the floral

Alismataceae, the water plantain family of 113 species of freshwater flowering plants belonging to the order Alismatales and including 17 genera, the most common of which are Alisma (water plantain), Echinodorus (burhead), and Sagittaria (arrowhead). Most members of the family are native to the

Alismatales, arrowhead and pondweed order of nearly 4,800 species of flowering plants, belonging to the monocotyledon (monocot) group, whose species have a single seed leaf. The group includes a number of ornamentals and houseplants, as well as several flowers that are important in the floral

Alisol, one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Alisols are highly acidic, poorly drained soils prone to aluminum toxicity and water erosion. Liming and fertilization are essential to their agricultural use—primarily for growing oil

Susan Glaspell: …married for a time), and Alison’s House (1930), a play that was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. Her later novels included The Fugitive’s Return (1929) and The Morning Is Near Us (1939).

aesthetics: Major concerns of 18th-century aesthetics: Meanwhile, Lord Kames and Archibald Alison had each provided full accounts of the role of association in the formation and justification of critical judgment. Alison, in particular, recognized the inadequacies of the traditional Empiricist approach to imaginative association and provided a theory as to how the feelings aroused by…

James Cameron: …screenplay for the sci-fi thriller Alita: Battle Angel (2019), an adaptation of a manga series. In 2022 Cameron released Avatar: The Way of Water, which he directed and cowrote.

Alitalia–Linee Aeree Italiane, Italian international airline founded in 1946 and, by the early 21st century, serving more than 80 cities in Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America, and Australia. Headquarters are in Rome. The pope usually flies on a chartered Alitalia jet nicknamed “Shepherd

Samuel A. Alito, Jr. is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 2006. Alito’s father, Samuel A. Alito, immigrated to the United States from Italy as a child and eventually served as director of research for the New Jersey legislature. His mother, Rose F. Fradusco Alito,

Samuel A. Alito, Jr. is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 2006. Alito’s father, Samuel A. Alito, immigrated to the United States from Italy as a child and eventually served as director of research for the New Jersey legislature. His mother, Rose F. Fradusco Alito,

Alytus, city, southern Lithuania. It lies along the Neman (Lithuanian: Nemunas) River, 37 miles (60 km) south of Kaunas. The city dates from the 14th century. In the 20th century it developed as an industrial centre, with factories producing refrigerators, chemical products, linen, and clothing.

Paleo-Siberian languages: Yeniseian, Luorawetlan, and Nivkh: …west coast of Kamchatka, (4) Aliutor, perhaps a Koryak dialect, with about 2,000 speakers, and (5) Kerek, with about 10 speakers.

Ethan Hawke: …adaptation of Jack London’s novel; Alive (1993), a drama based on the true story of an Uruguayan rugby team’s fight for survival after its plane crashes in the Andes Mountains; and Reality Bites (1994), which centers on a group of twentysomethings trying to figure out what they want to do…