Algonquin Provincial Park, wilderness area, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies about 140 miles (225 km) northeast of Toronto and covers an area of 2,955 square miles (7,653 square km). Established in 1893, the park, once a lumbering area, is a hilly wildlife refuge for bears, beaver, deer,

Algonquin Round Table, informal group of American literary men and women who met daily for lunch on weekdays at a large round table in the Algonquin Hotel in New York City during the 1920s and ’30s. The Algonquin Round Table began meeting in 1919, and within a few years its participants included

Lake Algonquin, large glacial lake that once existed in North America and covered most of the area now occupied by three Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, and Huron). Lake Algonquin was present in the Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), a geologic glacial period when

mathematics: The transmission of Greek and Arabic learning: Western texts called algorismus (a Latin form of the name al-Khwārizmī) introduced the Hindu-Arabic numerals and applied them in calculations. Thus, modern numerals first came into use in universities and then became common among merchants and other laymen. It should be noted that, up to the 15th century,…

algorithm, systematic procedure that produces—in a finite number of steps—the answer to a question or the solution of a problem. The name derives from the Latin translation, Algoritmi de numero Indorum, of the 9th-century Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi’s arithmetic treatise “Al-Khwarizmi

information theory: Algorithmic information theory: In the 1960s the American mathematician Gregory Chaitin, the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov, and the American engineer Raymond Solomonoff began to formulate and publish an objective measure of the intrinsic complexity of a message. Chaitin, a research scientist at IBM, developed the…

ALGOL, computer programming language designed by an international committee of the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), led by Alan J. Perlis of Carnegie Mellon University, during 1958–60 for publishing algorithms, as well as for doing computations. Like LISP, ALGOL had recursive

analysis of algorithms, basic computer science discipline that aids in the development of effective programs. Analysis of algorithms provides proof of the correctness of algorithms, allows for the accurate prediction of program performance, and can be used as a measure of computational complexity.

history of logic: Theory of recursive functions and computability: In addition to proof theory and model theory, a third main area of contemporary logic is the theory of recursive functions and computability. Much of the specialized work belongs as much to computer science as to logic. The origins…

mathematics: Mathematics in the 9th century: …book explaining Hindu arithmetic, the Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation. In another work, the Book of Restoring and Balancing, he provided a systematic introduction to algebra, including a theory of quadratic equations. Both works had important consequences for Islamic mathematics. Hindu Calculation began a tradition…

Nelson Algren was an American writer whose novels of the poor are lifted from routine naturalism by his vision of their pride, humour, and unquenchable yearnings. He also caught with poetic skill the mood of the city’s underside: its jukebox pounding, stench, and neon glare. The son of a machinist,

bullfighting: Act one: …or two mounted bailiffs (alguaciles) in 16th-century costume (sometimes cowboy costume in Mexico) with plumed hats ride across the ring to the box of the president (often a local dignitary) and doff their hats. The official, who returns the gesture and thereby grants permission for the corrida to begin,…

Carlos Drummond de Andrade: …his numerous collections of poetry, Alguma poesia (1930; “Some Poetry”), demonstrates both his affinity with the Modernist movement and his own strong poetic personality.

Fernando de Herrera: …his own poetry, published as Algunas obras de Fernando de Herrera (1582; “Some Works of Fernando de Herrera”), he elaborated on the style of Garcilaso and began to move toward culteranismo (an ornate and affected poetic style that flourished in Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries and finally developed,…

ALH84001, meteorite determined to have come from Mars and the subject of a contentious scientific claim that it contains the remains of ancient life indigenous to the planet. Recovered from the Allan Hills ice field of Antarctica in 1984, the 1.9-kg (4.2-pound) igneous rock is thought to have

manna: Certain resins produced by the camel’s thorn plant (Alhagi maurorum) are known as manna; it is a spiny-branched shrub less than 1 metre (about 3 feet) tall and is native to Turkey. An edible white honeylike substance known as manna forms drops on the stem of salt cedars, or French…

astronomical map: Star names and designations: (“the Follower”), Algenib (“the Side”), Alhague (“the Serpent Bearer”), and Algol (“the Demon”). A conspicuous exception is Albireo in Cygnus, possibly a corruption of the words ab ireo in the first Latin edition of the Almagest in 1515. Most star names are in fact Arabic and are frequently derived from…

Alhambra, city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. Alhambra lies in the San Gabriel Valley, south of Pasadena. Laid out in 1874 by Benjamin D. Wilson on land once part of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, it developed as an agricultural community with a unique irrigation system using the first piped

Alhambra, palace and fortress of the Moorish monarchs of Granada, Spain. The name Alhambra, signifying in Arabic “the red,” is probably derived from the reddish colour of the tapia (rammed earth) of which the outer walls were built. Constructed on a plateau that overlooks the city of Granada, the

Alhambra: …of Wilson’s favourite books—Washington Irving’s The Alhambra (1832), which popularized the Moorish palace of the same name in Granada, Spain (see Alhambra)—the city grew as a residential base for nearby Los Angeles industries. The city is the site of one of eight campuses of Alliant International University (formed in 2001…

Ibn al-Haytham was a mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments. Conflicting stories are told about the life of Ibn al-Haytham, particularly concerning his scheme to regulate the Nile. In one version, told by the

Alhucemas, Spanish exclave on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, comprising a bay, three islets, and a small port. The bay, a semicircular inlet (9 miles [14 km] wide and 5 miles [8 km] long), is protected by Cap Nuevo; its sandy bottom is an extension of the Nekor River alluvial plain. The

Al-Hoceïma, city, northern Morocco. The city, founded by Spaniards in 1926 as Villa Sanjurjo, still has a large Spanish population. Situated on Al-Hoceïma Bay, it is a small fishing port, food-processing centre, and beach resort just northwest of the islets of the Spanish plaza (enclave) of

conflict of laws: Applications in the United States: The American Law Institute (ALI), a private association of lawyers, judges, and law professors, drafts so-called “restatements” of specific areas of the law. Bearing some resemblance to European codes in their form and structure, the ALI’s restatements synthesize all U.S. state case laws on a particular…

Tunisia: The growth of European influence: …of Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq, his successor, ʿAlī, was forced to introduce administrative, judicial, and financial reforms that the French government considered useful. This agreement, known as the Convention of Al-Marsa, was signed in 1883 and solidified French control over Tunisia.

Michael Mann: …narrative lifted from real life, Ali (2001), with Will Smith as the boxer Muhammad Ali.

Dulkadir Dynasty: When Ali, the last Dulkadir prince, was overthrown by his grand vizier in 1522, the principality was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, the Dulkadir family was accorded vassal status, and its members were appointed to high offices.

ʿAlī was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shiʿism in all its forms. The question of his right to the

ʿAlī al-Riḍā was the eighth imam of the Twelver Shīʿites, noted for his piety and learning. In 817, the caliph al-Maʾmūn, in an attempt to heal the division between the majority Sunnis and the Shīʿites, appointed him his successor. The appointment aroused varying reactions—few of them, even among

Ḥammūdid dynasty: …Sulaymān al-Mustaʿīn awarded Sabtah to ʿAlī ibn Ḥammūd and Algeciras, Tangier, and Asilah to ʿAlī’s brother al-Qāsim in payment for their help in returning him to the throne. ʿAlī, however, claiming to be the rightful heir to Hishām II, al-Mustaʿīn’s predecessor, marched into Córdoba in July 1016 and deposed al-Mustaʿīn.…

Rezā ʿAbbāsī: He was the son of ʿAlī Asghar of Kashān, who painted at the court of Prince Ibrāhīm Mīrzā, the Ṣafavid viceroy at Meshhed, which was then (1556–77) the leading Iranian centre of the cultivation of the arts. While Rezā was still young, his virtuosity brought him to the attention of…

Ali Baba, fictional character, the hero of “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,” one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights. Ali Baba is a poor woodcutter who secretly watches as 40 thieves hide their booty in a cave, the door to which can be opened only by the verbal command of

Ali Baba, fictional character, the hero of “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,” one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights. Ali Baba is a poor woodcutter who secretly watches as 40 thieves hide their booty in a cave, the door to which can be opened only by the verbal command of

Ali Baba: …character, the hero of “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,” one of the best-known stories in The Thousand and One Nights. Ali Baba is a poor woodcutter who secretly watches as 40 thieves hide their booty in a cave, the door to which can be opened only by the…

David Butler: …Century-Fox included Pigskin Parade (1936); Ali Baba Goes to Town (1937), a clever musical featuring Eddie Cantor; Kentucky (1938), starring Loretta Young, Richard Greene, and Walter Brennan; and Kentucky Moonshine (1938; also called Three Men and a Girl), an uninspired outing with the Ritz Brothers.

Young Tunisians: The party, headed by Ali Bash Hamba and Bashir Sfar, demanded complete Tunisian control of the government and administration of the country and full citizenship rights for both Tunisians and Frenchmen. The party attracted a following among the young, educated, professional Muslims, but the liberal attitudes and European ways…

ʿAlī Bey was a Mamlūk governor of Egypt under Ottoman suzerainty who attempted to throw off the Ottoman Turkish rule. ʿAlī Bey was an enslaved Caucasian who was made a gift to Ibrāhīm Katkhudā, an emir who was the virtual ruler of Egypt. ʿAlī earned the confidence of his master, who later freed him

Darfur: History: …of the Sudan recognized ʿAli Dīnār as sultan of Darfur (1899). A rebellion led by ʿAli Dīnār in 1915 provoked the British to launch a punitive expedition, in which he was killed (November 1916). Thereafter Darfur became a province (and later three provinces) of the Sudan.

Sacha Baron Cohen: …which he created the character Ali G, a “hip-hop journalist” who was aggressively stupid. With his over-the-top attire—a brightly coloured tracksuit, tinted sunglasses, and designer skullcap—mangled English, and outlandish questions, Ali G interviewed unsuspecting actual politicians and celebrities and in the process revealed their prejudices and ignorance. His phenomenal popularity…

Seth Rogen: …the Sacha Baron Cohen showcase Da Ali G Show. Rogen also surfaced in an episode of the teen-centred drama Dawson’s Creek.

Shah ʿĀlam II was the nominal Mughal emperor of India from 1759 to 1806. Son of the emperor ʿĀlamgīr II, he was forced to flee Delhi in 1758 by the minister ʿImād al-Mulk, who kept the emperor a virtual prisoner. He took refuge with Shujāʿ al-Dawlah, nawab of Oudh (Ayodhya), and after his father’s

Raja Ali Haji bin Raja Amhad was a Bugis-Malay prince who, as a scholar and historian, led a renaissance in Malay letters in the mid-19th century. A grandson of the famed Bugis leader Raja Haji, Raja Ali was born into the Bugis-Malay world of the Riau-Lingga archipelago, last legacy outside the

ʿAlī Ḥasan al-Majīd was an Iraqi Baʿth Party official and a cousin of Iraqi Pres. Ṣaddām Ḥussein. During his career he became known for brutal attacks on Iraqi citizens, especially Kurds and Shīʿites. In 1958 al-Majīd joined the Baʿth Party. With Ṣaddām’s rise to power in the government of Pres.

Mazyadid Dynasty: …Sulṭān ad-Dawlah in Baghdad recognized ʿAlī I ibn Mazyad as emir of the area. ʿAlī died in 1018, leaving behind three sons, each of whom was eager to assume power, although Dubays I (reigned 1018–81) officially succeeded his father. Dubays’ brother al-Muqallad soon attempted to oust him but, failing, turned…

Spain: Science: …were those of the Tunisian ʿAlī ibn Abi al-Rijāl and another, anonymous scientist, who made a translation from Vulgar Latin into Arabic in the 8th century. This book was translated from Arabic into Spanish during the era of Alfonso the Learned under the title of Libro de las Cruces (“Book…

ʿAlī was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shiʿism in all its forms. The question of his right to the

ʿImād al-Dawlah was one of the founders of the Buyid dynasty of Iran. ʿAlī and his brothers Aḥmad and Ḥasan were followers of Mardāvīz ebn Zeyār of northern Iran. In 934, ʿAlī revolted against local Zeyārid rulers and conquered Fārs province in southern Iran. He made Shīrāz his capital and ruled

Ḥammūdid dynasty: …Sulaymān al-Mustaʿīn awarded Sabtah to ʿAlī ibn Ḥammūd and Algeciras, Tangier, and Asilah to ʿAlī’s brother al-Qāsim in payment for their help in returning him to the throne. ʿAlī, however, claiming to be the rightful heir to Hishām II, al-Mustaʿīn’s predecessor, marched into Córdoba in July 1016 and deposed al-Mustaʿīn.…

history of Arabia: Yemen: Najāḥid rule ended when ʿAlī ibn Mahdī captured Zabīd in 1159.

Zanj rebellion: In September 869, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad, a Persian claiming descent from ʿAlī, the fourth caliph, and Fāṭimah, Muḥammad’s daughter, gained the support of several slave-work crews—which could number from 500 to 5,000 men—by pointing out the injustice of their social position and promising them freedom and wealth. ʿAlī’s…

al-Jurjānī was a leading traditionalist theologian of 15th-century Iran. Jurjānī received a varied education, first in Harāt and then in Egypt. He visited Constantinople in 1374, and, upon his return in 1377, he was given a teaching appointment in Shīrāz. In 1387 Shīrāz fell to Timur, the famous

Najāḥid Dynasty: …chaos, allowing the Ṣulayḥid ruler ʿAlī to take Zabīd, and reduced Najāḥid history to a series of intrigues.

Rasulid dynasty: …was known by the epithet Rasūl. He was likely of Turkic origin, although the family claimed descent from Qaḥṭān, the legendary patriarch of the southern Arabs. His son ʿAlī was governor of Mecca under the last Ayyubid ruler of Yemen and succeeded him in the government of the whole country.…

al-Hamadānī was a mystic Persian theologian responsible for the propagation of the Kubrāwīyah order of Sufis (Islamic mystics) in Kashmir. A scion of a famous Persian family of Sayyids (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad), he became a dervish (itinerant holy man) and traveled extensively

eastern Africa: The Omani ascendancy: In 1746 a Mazrui notable, ʿAlī ibn Uthman al-Mazrui, overthrew an Omani force that had murdered his brother. Soon after he seized Pemba and, but for a family quarrel, might have won Zanzibar; his successor, Masʿūd ibn Nāṣir, initiated a pattern of cooperation with Pate, maintained close links with inland…

Almoravids: In the reign (1106–42) of ʿAli ibn Yūsuf the union between Spain and Africa was consolidated, and Andalusian civilization took root: administrative machinery was Spanish in pattern, writers and artists crossed the straits, and the great monuments built by ʿAlī in the Maghrib were models of pure Andalusian art. But…

Liaquat Ali Khan was the first prime minister of Pakistan (1947–51). Born the son of a landowner, Liaquat was educated at Aligarh, Allahabad, and Exeter College, Oxford. A barrister by profession, like his leader, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, he entered politics in 1923, being elected first to the

Sudan: Muḥammad ʿAlī and his successors: …repression until the appointment of ʿAlī Khūrshīd Āghā as governor-general in 1826. His administration marked a new era in Egyptian-Sudanese relations. He reduced taxes and consulted the Sudanese through the respected Sudanese leader ʿAbd al-Qādir wad al-Zayn. Letters of amnesty were granted to fugitives. A more equitable system of taxation…

origins of agriculture: Southwest Asia: …than 1,000 years later, the Ali Kosh site (also in Iran) was settled. This site is located in a lower elevation zone than Ganj Dareh, outside the natural range of goats. Goat remains at Ali Kosh show clear signs of domestication—the females have no horns. Sheep and goats were herded…

Bono: 1450–75) and ʿAlī Kwame (flourished c. 1550–60) are thought to have introduced new mining techniques from the western Sudan to the Akan fields, and Owusu Aduam (flourished c. 1650) is reported to have completely reorganized the industry. From the Akan fields the gold passed through the entrepôts…

Iran: The Zand dynasty (1750–79): …alliance with the Bakhtyārī chief ʿAlī Mardān Khan in an effort to seize Eṣfahān—then the political center of Iran—from Shah Rokh’s vassal, Abū al-Fatḥ Bakhtyārī. Once this goal was achieved, Karīm Khan and ʿAlī Mardān agreed that Shah Sulṭān Ḥusayn Ṣafavī’s grandson, a boy named Abū Ṭurāb, should be proclaimed…

the Bāb was a merchant’s son whose claim to be the Bāb (Gateway) to the hidden imām (the perfect embodiment of Islamic faith) gave rise to the Bābī religion and made him one of the three central figures of the Bahāʾī Faith. At an early age, ʿAlī Moḥammad became familiar with the Shaykhī school of

India: Nādir Shah’s invasion: …was seized by an adventurer, ʿAlī Muḥammad Khan Ruhela, who could not be suppressed by the feeble government of Delhi. The loss of Kabul opened the empire to the threat of invasions from the northwest; a vital line of defense had disappeared. The Punjab was again invaded, this time by…

Ali Paşa Tepelenë was an Albanian brigand who, by murder and intrigue, became pasha, or provincial governor, of Janina from 1788. He extended his capricious rule within the Ottoman Empire over much of Albania and Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, and the Morea. His father, Veli, bey of Tepelenë, died a

Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa was an Ottoman grand vizier (chief minister) distinguished for his westernizing reform policies. Together with Mustafa Reşid Paşa and Fuad Paşa, he was a main figure of the Tanzimat (Reorganization) period (1839–c. 1870) in Ottoman history. The son of a shopkeeper, Âli Paşa

Battle of Lepanto: …bay, adopted a similar formation: Ali Pasha, the commander, in the centre; Mohammed Saulak, governor of Alexandria, the right; and Uluch Ali, pasha of Algiers, the left.

Eṣfahān: Historical city: …of the square is the ʿAlī Qāpū (“Lofty Gate”), a high building in the form of an archway that is crowned in the forepart by an immense tālār, or covered balcony, that served as an audience hall and as a vantage point from which the shah and his courtiers or…

Aga Khan II was the eldest son of Aga Khan I. In 1881 he succeeded his father as imam, or spiritual leader, of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlīte sect of Shīʿite Muslims, and, during his short imamate, sought to improve the conditions of the

Islamic arts: Architecture: …scale also accounted for the ʿAlī Shāh mosque in Tabrīz, whose eyvān measuring 150 by 80 by 100 feet (45 by 25 by 30 metres) was meant to be the largest ever built. The eyvān vault collapsed almost immediately after it had been constructed, but its walls, 35 feet (10…

India: Revolution in Bengal: ʿAlī Vardī Khan—the nawab and virtual ruler of Bengal—died in April 1756, leaving his power to his young grandson Sirāj al-Dawlah. The latter’s position was insecure because of discontent among his officers, both Hindu and Muslim, and because he himself was at the same time…

Sudan: The early years of British rule: …manifestations occurred in 1921, when ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Laṭīf founded the United Tribes Society and was arrested for nationalist agitation. In 1924 he formed the White Flag League, dedicated to driving the British from the Sudan. Demonstrations followed in Khartoum in June and August and were suppressed. When the governor-general, Sir…

Ahmed Ali was a Pakistani author whose novels and short stories examine Islamic culture and tradition in Hindu-dominated India. Proficient in both English and Urdu, he was also an accomplished translator and literary critic. Ali was educated at Aligarh Muslim University (1925–27) and at Lucknow

Muhammad Ali: One of his daughters, however, Laila Ali, pursued a career as a professional boxer during which she went undefeated in 24 bouts between 1999 and 2007 while capturing a number of titles in various weight classes.

Mahershala Ali is an American actor who rose to prominence in the 2010s and won an Academy Award for his moving and nuanced performance as the fatherly drug dealer Juan in the film Moonlight (2016). Ali grew up in Hayward, California. His mother was a Baptist minister, and his father left the

Guyana: Independence of Guyana: …and in early August 2020 Mohamed Irfaan Ali of the PPP became Guyana’s president.

Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer and social activist. Ali was the first fighter to win the world heavyweight championship on three separate occasions; he successfully defended this title 19 times. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., grew

Islamic arts: Arab literatures: …1946), of Druze origin, and Muḥammad Kurd ʿAlī (died 1953), the founder of the Arab Academy of Damascus, each of whom, by encouraging a new degree of awareness, made an important contribution to the education of modern historians and persons of letters. An inclination toward Romanticism can be detected in…

Azerbaijan: Economic regions: …located in Bärdä, Salyan, and Äli-Bayramlı, all of which, in addition to being on the Kura River, have the advantage of being located on railways and motor roads. A thermal power station stands near Äli-Bayramlı.

Rainer Werner Fassbinder: …Angst essen Seele auf (1973; Ali: Fear Eats the Soul), a tale of doomed romance between a German cleaning woman and a much younger Moroccan mechanic; and In einem Jahr mit 13 Monden (1979; In a Year of 13 Moons), a political allegory concerning a transgender woman who confronts her…

Ramiz Alia was the president of Albania (1982–92) and head of the communist Party of Labour of Albania (1985–91), renamed the Socialist Party of Albania in 1991. Alia, the son of Muslim parents from the Albanian-speaking region of Kosovo in what was then Yugoslavia, attended a French secondary

Aliákmon River, river, the longest in Greek Macedonia (Modern Greek: Makedonía). The river’s total length is 185 miles (297 km). Rising in the Grámmos Mountains of the eastern Pindus (Píndos) Range on the Albanian frontier, the Aliákmon River flows southeast through gentle valleys and basins and is

Aliákmon River, river, the longest in Greek Macedonia (Modern Greek: Makedonía). The river’s total length is 185 miles (297 km). Rising in the Grámmos Mountains of the eastern Pindus (Píndos) Range on the Albanian frontier, the Aliákmon River flows southeast through gentle valleys and basins and is

Portugal: The 1976 constitution and subsequent reforms: …constitution, a centre-right coalition, the Democratic Alliance (Alianca Democrática), swept into power. The new government swiftly moved to revise the character of the 1976 constitution. The Assembly of the Republic approved a series of reforms that included reducing the powers of the president and abolishing the Council of the Revolution,…

Brazil: Political parties: …a single government party, the National Renewal Alliance, and a lone opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement. The government abolished these two organizations in 1979 and allowed more parties to participate but still under restrictive regulations. After civilian government was restored in 1985, Brazil again legalized all political parties, and…

Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), regional bloc, organized in 2004, that aims for social, political, and economic integration in Latin America and the Caribbean. ALBA, which means “dawn” in Spanish, was conceived by Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chávez and was created by Venezuela

Patricio Aylwin: …became the spokesperson for the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD). The CPD was a grouping of political parties created in February 1988, originally under the name Command for No (Comando por el No). After the resounding “no” vote that paved the way…

Nicaragua: Nicaragua from 1990 to 2006: …and the newly formed right-wing Liberal Alliance (Alianza Liberal; AL), a coalition of three liberal parties, were the main contenders in the 1996 national elections. Daniel Ortega was the FSLN’s presidential candidate, and his party campaigned for expanded social services and civil liberties, national unity, and, in contrast to its…

Paraguay: Continued rule by the Colorado Party: …Lugo of the centre-left coalition Patriotic Alliance for Change (Alianza Patriótica para el Cambio; APC) defeated Blanca Ovelar of the Colorado Party, ending that party’s 62 years of continuous rule.

Popular Party, Spanish conservative political party. The Popular Party (PP) traces its origins to the Popular Alliance, a union of seven conservative political parties formed in the 1970s by Manuel Fraga Iribarne, a prominent cabinet member under Spain’s longtime dictator Francisco Franco. In March

APRA, political party founded by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1924), which dominated Peruvian politics for decades. Largely synonymous with the so-called Aprista movement, it was dedicated to Latin American unity, the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises, and an end to the exploitation of

El Salvador: Civil war: …a new political organization, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista; Arena), led by retired major Roberto D’Aubuisson Arrieta.

J.J. Abrams: …go-ahead for another series creation: Alias (2001–06), a fast-paced modern spy drama. The well-reviewed program was a testament to creator–executive producer (and even theme-song composer) Abrams’s drive, but he was frustrated by the series’ frequent time-slot moves, which he believed contributed to its relatively poor ratings and eventual cancellation.

Sarah Polley: …later cowrote the TV miniseries Alias Grace (2017), which was based on the novel by Margaret Atwood. She then codirected Hey Lady! (2020– ), a digital comedy series centring on a senior citizen who challenges societal norms and sometimes even the law; each episode was just five minutes long. In…

Margaret Atwood: … (1993; television film 2007); and Alias Grace (1996), a fictionalized account of a real-life Canadian girl who was convicted of two murders in a sensationalist 1843 trial; a TV miniseries based on the latter work aired in 2017, written by Atwood and Sarah Polley. Atwood’s 2005 novel, The Penelopiad: The…

Norman Z. McLeod: Danny Kaye and Bob Hope: …a relatively high note with Alias Jesse James (1959), a lively Hope comedy. McLeod directed a few episodes of television series before retiring in 1963.

John Farrow: Films of the 1940s: Alias Nick Beal (1949) was one of Farrow’s best films; Milland was cast against type as the devil, who tries to corrupt an honest politician (Thomas Mitchell). The subject matter was likely of special interest to Farrow, who had converted to Roman Catholicism; he later…

Jack Ma: …who was head of the Alibaba Group, which comprised several of China’s most popular Web sites, including the business-to-business marketplace Alibaba.com and the shopping site Taobao.com.

Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument, archaeological site in northwestern Texas, U.S. It lies 30 miles (48 km) north-northeast of Amarillo, near Borger. Lake Meredith National Recreation Area adjoins it to the north and west. Established in 1965 as Alibates Flint Quarries and Texas Panhandle

Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument, archaeological site in northwestern Texas, U.S. It lies 30 miles (48 km) north-northeast of Amarillo, near Borger. Lake Meredith National Recreation Area adjoins it to the north and west. Established in 1965 as Alibates Flint Quarries and Texas Panhandle

Alicante, port city, capital of Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. It is located on Alicante Bay of the Mediterranean Sea. Founded as Akra Leuke (“White Summit”) by Phocaean Greeks (from the west coast of Asia Minor) in