germfree life
- Related Topics:
- gnotobiosis
- gnotobiology
- microorganism
germfree life, biological condition characterized by the complete absence of living microorganisms. Gnotobiology comprises the study of germfree plants and animals, as well as living things in which specific microorganisms, added by experimental methods, are known to be present. When one or more known species of microorganisms are added experimentally to a germfree plant or animal, the host, of course, is no longer germfree; both the host and the introduced species are gnotobiotic, however, since all added species are known to the investigator. Precise comparisons between germfree and conventional animals cannot be made unless both are isolated from the environment and fed the same sterile diet.
Gnotobiotic research seeks to explore the effects of microorganisms in physiological diseases, the role of bacteria in protozoan and viral infections, the contribution of bacteria to nutrition, immunity, and animal physiology and to identify the specific causative agents in infectious diseases. Germfree research currently is directed toward studying the reactions of germfree animals after they have been inoculated with specific known microorganisms.
The first attempts to grow germfree animals were undertaken in 1895, with guinea pigs at the Hygiene Institute of Berlin; experiments were continued with chicks for more than a decade with no success. The first successful germfree vertebrate experiments (with chicks) were begun about 1912. Shortly thereafter, germfree goats were kept alive for two months. Subsequent advances in methodology during the 1920s and ’30s led to the routine raising of germfree animals.
Methodology.
Germfree chicks, turkeys, and Japanese quail can be obtained by passing surface-sterilized eggs through a germicidal trap into a sterile isolator, where they are allowed to hatch. The fertilized eggs must be obtained from flocks free from microorganisms that invade the egg in the oviduct. Germfree plants can be obtained from seeds that have been surface-sterilized. The embryos of mammals are normally bacteriologically sterile, and germfree young can be obtained by cesarean operation, under germfree conditions, with transfer of the mature embryo into a sterile isolator. These young must be fed by hand to avoid contamination by the mother. Subsequent reproduction of hand-reared germfree mammals allows routine production of germfree colonies. Germfree rats or mice can be purchased from breeding companies and transferred via a shipping isolator into a laboratory experimental isolator.
The isolator is a physical barrier through which no living microorganisms can pass. It may be a small or large container, usually made of glass and steel or plastic, with plastic or rubber gloves. A sterile room may also serve as an isolator. The laboratory isolator has an entry for the organism, food, and utensils; a source of air with exhaust; and, usually, arm-length gloves. Food and utensils are sterilized and taken into the isolator through an adjoining area called the sterile lock. Special attachments may be a liquid dip tank, a shipping cage, a bacterial filter for liquids, or a second isolator. The most widely used isolator is a soft plastic sacklike container that comes in many shapes and sizes.
Sterilization of metal isolators and most utensils is accomplished with steam under pressure. Germicidal vapour sterilization (2% peracetic acid) is used for plastic isolators, which cannot endure the heat of steam sterilization. Air for the isolated organism is sterilized by mechanical filtration. Eggs are surface-treated with mercuric chloride, and seeds with peracetic acid or formalin. Food and water are sterilized by steam, irradiation, or filtration, depending upon the requirements of the investigation. Diets fed to germfree animals are comparable to those fed to conventional animals.
Applications of gnotobiotic research.
The addition of one or two specific microorganisms to germfree animals can clarify cause-and-effect relationships that are important in human disease. The complex interactions of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms with the bacteria that normally inhabit the body can be partially elucidated by infecting germfree laboratory animals with such organisms.
The techniques of gnotobiology have been used to clarify the causes of certain common human health problems. Gnotobiotic studies have shown, for example, that tooth decay is caused only by certain infectious bacteria.
Germfree animals are used in toxicology, pollution control, and vaccine tests. The effects of an external force (e.g., radiation or a noxious gas) on a germfree animal are easy to distinguish because there is no interference from infection. Patients with impaired immunological defenses against bacteria can be placed in complete biological isolation using gnotobiotic techniques. Babies suspected of lacking the ability to synthesize immunoglobulins (blood proteins that include antibodies) have been delivered into germfree isolators and maintained there until laboratory tests have shown that they could synthesize gammaglobulins. Hospital precautions that precede heart transplants may include elaborate gnotobiotic rooms and procedures to prevent an immune-suppressed patient from coming into contact with pathogenic microorganisms.