filtration
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filtration, the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles. Either the clarified fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid may be the desired product. In some processes used in the production of chemicals, both the fluid filtrate and the solid filter cake are recovered. Other media, such as electricity, light, and sound, also can be filtered.
The art of filtration was known to early humans, who obtained clear water from a muddy river by scooping a hole in the sand on a river bank to a depth below the river water level. Clear water filtered by the sand would trickle into the hole. The same process on a larger scale and with refinements is commonly used to purify water for cities.
The basic requirements for filtration are: (1) a filter medium; (2) a fluid with suspended solids; (3) a driving force such as a pressure difference to cause fluid to flow; and (4) a mechanical device (the filter) that holds the filter medium, contains the fluid, and permits the application of force. The filter may have special provisions for removal of the filter cake or other solid particles, for washing the cake, and possibly for drying the cake. The various methods used for treating and removing the cake, for removing the clarified filtrate, and for creating the driving force on the fluid have been combined in various ways to produce a great variety of filter equipment.
Filter media
Filter media may be divided into two general classes: (1) thin barriers, exemplified by a filter cloth, filter screen, or common laboratory filter paper; (2) thick or en masse barriers, such as sand beds, coke beds, porous ceramics, porous metal, and the precoat of filter aid which is often used in the industrial filtration of fluids that contain gelatinous precipitates.
A thin filter medium offers a single barrier in which the openings are smaller than the particles to be removed from the fluid. A single thin filter medium usually is satisfactory if the layers of solid particles that accumulate on the medium produce a porous cake that is permeable to the fluid. If the filter cake is gelatinous or the particles are soft and compressible, rather than firm, the filter cake may “blind”; that is, the pores in the cake may close and stop filtration. If this happens, a filter aid or a thick filter medium such as the sand bed may be used.
Contrary to the situation with the thin medium, the pores in a thick filter medium such as a sand bed may be appreciably larger than the particles to be removed. The particles may travel for some distance along the tortuous path of the fluid through the medium but sooner or later will be entrapped in the finer interstices between the particles that constitute the filter bed. In this way the soft particles removed are distributed over a volume of filter medium that is sufficient to prevent blinding and stoppage of filtration. After solids accumulate the beds may be backwashed with clear fluid to clean the bed.
Filtering force
The fluid to be filtered will pass through the filter medium only if some driving force is applied. This force may be caused by gravity, centrifugation, application of pressure on the fluid above the filter, or application of vacuum below the filter or by a combination of such forces. Gravitational force alone may be used in large sand-bed filters and in simple laboratory filtrations. Centrifuges containing a bowl with a porous filter medium may be considered as filters in which gravitational force is replaced by centrifugal force many times greater than gravity. If a laboratory filtration is difficult a partial vacuum is usually applied to the container below the filter medium to increase the rate of filtration. Most industrial filtration processes involve the use of pressure or vacuum, depending upon the type of filter used, to increase the rate of filtration and also to decrease the size of the equipment required.
