Besides their utility to people, many trees are noteworthy for their habits and habitats, their size, or their longevity. The amazing diversity of tree form and function is a direct result of the complex and elegant organization of the tree body and the response of that body to environmental and biological stimuli. Structural features unique to woody plants are capitalized upon by trees to allow them to grow in a myriad of remarkable forms, sizes, and habitats. Mangroves, for example, colonize tidal shores and brackish waters in the tropics and subtropics throughout the world, and in so doing they not only stabilize shorelines but also create new land by trapping debris, silt, and mud among their interlacing roots. Mangroves are actually an unrelated heterogeneous group of species with similar adaptations to this particular environment. Mangroves spread out into the water by sending from their branches roots that reach into the mud and develop into sturdy supporting props. A distinctive feature of mangroves is their large fruits, the seeds of which germinate and grow into sturdy seedlings before they leave the parent plant. When the seedlings fall, they either become fixed in the mud or float away, to be washed up at some site at which the opportunity to become established may occur.

Mangroves are not the only trees that spread by dropping prop roots from their branches. The habit is well developed in several tropical figs (Ficus), including one popular in small sizes as a houseplant—the rubber plant (F. elastica). Most noteworthy of the group is the banyan tree (F. benghalensis) of India; its numerous prop roots develop into secondary trunks that support the widespreading head of massive, constantly extending branches. One specimen in Calcutta covers an area more than 250 metres (about 275 yards) wide. The wonderboom (F. salicifolia) of Africa grows in a similar manner; a specimen at Pretoria has a spread of 50 metres (55 yards). Because of their unusual growth habits, some tropical ficuses are called strangler figs. Often they begin life high in a palm or some other tree in which a monkey, bat, or bird that has fed on the fruits deposits seeds that have passed through its alimentary tract. The seeds germinate, and the roots grow into organic matter collected in crotches or crevices of the host tree. Under humid conditions the seedlings grow rapidly, sending roots down along the trunk of the host tree. Upon reaching the ground the roots branch and establish themselves. Above the ground the roots thicken until they have formed an interlacing cylinder around the trunk of the host, often leading to the death of the host tree.

The ombu (Phytolacca dioica) is a remarkable South American relative of the pokeweed (P. americana). A tree capable of attaining heights of 20 metres (65 feet) and a spread of 30 metres (100 feet), it has a wide trunk; the branches contain as much as 80 percent water and very little wood tissue. From its base radiates a circle of rootlike outgrowths wide enough for a person to sit on.

The traveler’s tree of Madagascar (Ravenala madagascariensis) has a palmlike trunk up to 9 metres (30 feet) tall topped by a huge symmetrical fan of long-stalked paddle-shaped leaves often much shredded by wind. The vernacular name alludes to the leaves’ having hollow bases from which, it has been reported, travelers could obtain potable water.

The talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) of tropical Sri Lanka and India may live as long as 75 years before it flowers and fruits just one time and then dies. The huge panicle (many-branched cluster) of creamy white blooms rises up to 5 metres (16 feet) from the centre of the cluster of fan-shaped leaves topping the trunk, which may be 24 metres (about 80 feet) tall and 90 to 120 cm (3 to 4 feet) in diameter. Another palm of special interest is the double coconut (Lodoicea maldivica), a native of two tiny islands of the Seychelles group in the Indian Ocean; it has fruits that require about 10 years to mature, weigh up to 30 kg (66 pounds), and have the appearance of a pair of coconuts joined together. Long before their source was known, these fruits were washed up by the sea in India, and magical properties were ascribed to them.

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The tallest trees are Pacific Coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), specimens of which exceed 110 metres (about 350 feet) in height in Redwoods National Park and Humboldt Redwood State Park in California, U.S. The species is confined to a narrow coastal belt extending from southern Oregon to central California. The next tallest trees are the Australian mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans), specimens of which in Victoria, Australia, exceed 90 metres (300 feet), the greatest heights known for nonconiferous trees. A close relative of the redwood, the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) develops the greatest total bulk of wood, but not the biggest girth, among trees. This tree, which attains heights in excess of 90 metres (300 feet) and may have a trunk diameter of about 7.5 metres (25 feet) some distance above its flaring base, is restricted to a strip about 420 km (260 miles) long and less than 24 km (15 miles) wide in the Sierra Nevada in California.

Records for tree girth (measured a metre or so above the ground) are held by the baobab (Adansonia digitata) of Africa and the Mexican swamp cypress (Taxodium mucronatum). The baobab attains a maximum height of about 23 metres (75 feet); its barrel-shaped trunk attains a diameter of more than 5 metres (16 feet), but a few individuals range from 7.7 to 15.9 metres (25 to 53 feet). The most-famous specimen of Mexican swamp cypress is “El Gigante,” located at Tule, Oaxaca. The trunk of this massive tree is buttressed and not circular; if the bays and promontories of the buttresses are followed, the basal circumference is nearly 46 metres (151 feet).