corn
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- Living History Farms - Crops - Corn
- Government of Canada - Canadian Food Inspection Agency - The biology of Zea mays L. (maize)
- National Center for Biotechnology Information - Corn
- Johns Hopkins Medicine - Health Benefits of Corn
- Healthline - Corn 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits
- CORE - The Chromosome Number of Maize
- South Dakota State University Extension - Corn Growth and Development
- Biology LibreTexts - Corn
- WebMD - Corn
- Pennsylvania State University - PlantVillage - Maize (corn)
- North Dakota State University - Corn Growth and Management Quick Guide
- Also called:
- Indian corn or maize
- Related Topics:
- Balsas teosinte
- Opaque-2
- dent corn
- flint corn
- flour corn
What is corn?
When was corn first domesticated?
Why do corn kernels pop?
corn, (Zea mays), cereal plant of the grass family (Poaceae) and its edible grain. The domesticated crop originated in the Americas and is one of the most widely distributed of the world’s food crops. Corn is used as human food, livestock feed, as biofuel, and as raw material in industry.
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Division: Angiosperm
- Order: Poales
- Family: Poaceae
- Genus: Zea
See also list of plants in the family Poaceae.
Domestication and history
Corn was first domesticated by native peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Modern corn is believed to have been derived from the Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), a wild grass. Its culture had spread as far north as southern Maine by the time of European settlement of North America, and Native Americans taught European colonists to grow the grains. In Mesoamerica and much of North America, Indigenous peoples have long interplanted corn, squash, and beans in a productive and complimentary agricultural system known as milpa, or the Three Sisters. Given its importance and ancient history, corn remains a culturally significant plant for many Native peoples throughout the Americas.
Since its introduction into Europe by Christopher Columbus and other explorers and colonizers, corn has spread to all areas of the world suitable to its cultivation. It is grown from 58° N latitude in Canada and Russia to 40° S latitude in South America, with a corn crop maturing somewhere in the world nearly every month of the year. It is the most important crop in the United States and is a staple food in many places.
Corn husks have a long history of use in the folk arts for objects such as woven amulets and corn-husk dolls. In the United States the colorful variegated strains, often known as Indian corn, are traditionally used in autumn harvest decorations.
Physical description
The corn plant is a tall annual grass with a stout, erect, solid stem. The large narrow leaves have wavy margins and are spaced alternately on opposite sides of the stem. Staminate (male) flowers are borne on the tassel terminating the main axis of the stem. The pistillate (female) inflorescences, which mature to become the edible ears, are spikes with a thickened axis, bearing paired spikelets in longitudinal rows; each row of paired spikelets normally produces two rows of grain. Varieties of yellow and white corn are the most popular as food, though there are varieties with red, blue, pink, and black kernels, often banded, spotted, or striped. Each ear is enclosed by modified leaves called shucks or husks.
Types of corn
Commercial classifications, based mainly on kernel texture, include dent corn, flint corn, flour corn, sweet corn, and popcorn. Dent corn, primarily grown as animal feed and for food manufacturing, is characterized by a depression in the crown of the kernel caused by unequal drying of the hard and soft starch making up the kernel. Flint corn, containing little soft starch, has no depression; it is used for decoration and is eaten as hominy in the Americas. Flour corn, composed largely of soft starch, has soft, mealy, easily ground kernels and is an important source of corn flour.
Sweet corn, commonly sold fresh, frozen, or canned as a vegetable, has succulent, translucent seeds. The plant sugar is not converted to starch as in other types, giving the grain its sweet flavor.
Popcorn, an extreme type of flint corn characterized by small hard kernels, is devoid of soft starch, and heating causes the moisture in the cells to expand, making the kernels explode. Improvements in corn have resulted from hybridization, based on crossbreeding of superior inbred strains.
Genetically modified corn
Many industrial and feedstock varieties of corn are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) engineered for resistance to the herbicide glyphosate or to produce proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to kill specific insect pests. In addition, some strains have been genetically engineered for greater drought tolerance and to increase their nutritional value. Most of the corn grown in the United States is GMO, which may reduce the need for herbicides and insecticides.