Thai classical music (dontri Thai doem) was originally played at court and was based on Khmer models. There are three types of orchestral groups for Thai classical music: a percussion-dominated ensemble, pi phat, which performs at court ceremonies and in the theatre; a string-dominated ensemble, kruang sai, typically heard in indoor instrumental settings; and mahori, a mixed ensemble that often accompanies vocalists, sometimes in the context of theatre. Thai classical music is also often used as an accompaniment to classical dance such as khon. The music played by the classical orchestras essentially uses a scale of seven equidistant tone-steps, although vocalists and instruments without fixed pitch may sometimes use additional tones.

Thai classical music and dance are highly valued symbols of national heritage. Although the traditions nearly disappeared between the 1930s and ’60s, the ’70s brought a revival. Thai music became a field of study at the university level, and several specialized high schools were established to train classical musicians and dancers. Now sustained primarily through the public educational system, Thai classical music can be heard frequently and at numerous venues throughout the country as well as on television.

Much more popular than Thai classical music, however, is phlaeng luk thung (literally, “songs of the children of the fields”), a type of Thai “country music” that originated in rural central Thailand. Also popular are modified versions of Western pop, rock, and rap music. Because most of the working class of Bangkok and other urban centres came originally from rural northeastern Thailand, a synthesis of traditional northeastern Thai music known as mawlam and Western pop music enjoys a wide audience in the cities. This music is distinguished by the use of a khaen, a traditional wood-and-bamboo mouth organ that has become a symbol of northeastern Thai (and Lao) culture.

The lamwong (“circle dance”) is the most popular form of dance at rural temple festivals and other celebrations. It is typically performed to mawlam or luk thung music. In the cities, however, Western forms of dance predominate, especially in the nightclubs.

Visual arts

Buddhism has had a major influence on Thai art, architecture, sculpture, and painting. Some of the most beautiful older wat structures are to be found in Ayutthaya, the capital from the 14th to the 18th century, and in Chiang Mai. The framework of a wat is usually made of wood, while its walls consist of brick and plaster. The ornamental parts of the structure are often adorned with glass mosaic, gold leaf, porcelain, stucco, lacquer, and inlaid mother-of-pearl. Remnants of the original palaces and temples can still be seen in many of the old provincial centres. In Chiang Mai, numerous Buddhist temples are scattered inside and outside the ancient city walls, which are still standing. Even newer ritual and ceremonial halls typically incorporate traditional designs, including curved finials, high-pitched roofs, intricately carved doors and windows, and stairways flanked by naga, or giant snakes.

Every wat contains dozens, if not hundreds, of images of the Buddha made of bronze, wood, lacquerware, and stucco. Images continue to be produced in large numbers, primarily for religious purposes, although some are sold—often accompanied by claims that they are genuine antiques—to tourists. Whether antiques or facsimiles, images of the Buddha are considered sacred; technically, they are not to be removed from the country without a license from the Department of Fine Arts. Many images are gilded with gold leaf; the gilding of Buddhist images and temples is believed to bring religious merit.

Traditional Thai painting is probably derived from Indian and Sri Lankan models and is mostly religious. The paintings, executed by anonymous monks or dedicated laypeople, are usually drawn on temple walls. Many wat contain mural paintings depicting the life of the Buddha or other Buddhist stories.

Contemporary Thai art has been strongly shaped not only by traditional Buddhist art but also by Western genres. Italian influences were particularly significant for the development of modern art and architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The public culture of Bangkok was transformed by Italian architects and sculptors who were hired early in the 20th century to build new official buildings and national monuments. The equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn in front of the National Assembly is unequivocally Western in character and has no antecedents in traditional Thai culture. In the statue the king wears a style of Western military dress that became the model for upper-class male dress in the early 20th century. Its Western character notwithstanding, the statue has since the 1980s been the focus of a cult movement. The most respected of Thai modern art and architecture reflects a creative synthesis between Western styles and traditional Thai designs.

Crafts

Thai craft traditions are flourishing not only because of royal patronage and an increasing interest among the expanding middle class but also because of a growing market created by tourism. Thailand is renowned worldwide for its silk, and its range of colours and designs, including those employing tie-dye techniques, are highly prized both within and outside of the country. Handwoven cotton and embroidered textiles, many of which are produced by upland minorities, have also proved to be commercially viable.

Pieces of early Thai porcelain and pottery, often originally designed for utilitarian purposes, have come to be regarded as works of art. In the 15th and 16th centuries ceramics were exported from Siam throughout Southeast Asia. These earlier pieces have inspired contemporary styles, notably the jade-green form known as Thai celadon ware. Thailand is also famous for its lacquerware and wood carving, although the latter has declined somewhat since the 1989 ban on the cutting of teak. Silver work is another craft for which Thailand is well-known, and Bangkok is a major centre for jewelry using rubies and sapphires mined not only within the country but also in neighbouring Myanmar and Cambodia.