Texas has more farms than any other state in the country. The fertile lands of East Texas attracted cotton farmers to the area before the Civil War, and in the years following the conflict cotton became the state’s major crop. As mechanized farming developed, cotton production shifted to the High Plains country of West Texas, where irrigation and fertilizer fostered bountiful crops and bolstered Texas’s national leadership in cotton production. Occasional crop failures due to drought, however, led to crop diversification. The introduction of irrigation has resulted in extensive vegetable and fruit production along the lower Rio Grande Valley, though citrus farming has occasionally suffered as a result of disastrous freezes. The low coastal lands between Port Lavaca and Port Arthur are well suited for rice cultivation. Since the mid-20th century, Texas has also been a leading producer of sorghum, peanuts (groundnuts), and corn (maize).

The state leads all others in the raising of cattle, sheep, and goats. Nearly all of the mohair that is produced in the United States comes from the Angora goats of Texas. The vast inland cattle empires of the 19th century tended to shift to coastal areas during the 20th century, reversing the path of cotton.

Forests of pine and cypress grow extensively from Beaumont to the Red River and spill into Louisiana and Arkansas, making lumbering and paper mills important industries. Commercial fishing is a major contributor to the state’s economy, with small fleets operating out of more than 60 ports along the Gulf Coast. Brownsville is the centre of one of the country’s largest shrimp trawl fleets, and shrimping is economically the largest and most important component of the Texas fishing industry. Catfish farming is also prevalent throughout the state.

Resources and power

Texas leads all other states in oil and natural gas production. It also ranks first in oil-refining capacity. Oil deposits have been found under more than two-thirds of the state’s area, though many finds have been too small for commercial development. The Gulf Coast area is the centre for the state’s petrochemical industrial complexes. A large percentage of the basic petrochemicals that are produced in the United States come from plants that are located between the cities of Beaumont and Corpus Christi. Texas is also a principal producer of magnesium, sulfur, and gypsum.

Texas leads the country in the production of wind energy and generates about one-third of total U.S. wind capacity. Most of the state’s wind turbines are located in the Panhandle and in the Trans-Pecos region. One of the largest wind farms in the world, the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, is spread across some 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares) near Abilene. Other renewable sources of growing importance in Texas are solar and geothermal energy.

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Manufacturing

Traditional manufacturing in Texas was based on the processing of local raw materials in cotton gins and cottonseed mills, meat-packing plants, flour mills, and fruit- and vegetable-canning plants. Since the late 20th century, the production of electric and electronic equipment has been the largest manufacturing employer, followed closely by nonelectric machinery. Chief manufactures include computers, air conditioners, furniture, boats, aircraft, household appliances, machinery, leather goods, and clothing.

Services

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More than one-fourth of the state’s workforce is employed in the services sector. Tourism has become a major industry. Among the state’s top tourist destinations are the Alamo and River Walk (Paseo del Rio) in San Antonio, the Padre Island National Seashore (a mecca for college students during Spring Break), and the Space Center in Houston. Other entertainment centres include Six Flags over Texas, an amusement park between Dallas and Fort Worth, and, about 75 miles (120 km) southwest of Dallas, the Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, a reserve into which motorists can drive to view elephants, giraffes, and other African wildlife. SeaWorld of Texas is an aquatic theme park in San Antonio.

Transportation

The vastness of Texas and its contrasts in terrain originally posed great difficulties for transportation, yet they also greatly stimulated its development. In fact, the desire to develop inland areas was one factor leading to the establishment of Austin as the state capital. In 1852 the Texas legislature granted public lands to railroads for each mile of track constructed, and in 1883 it authorized a county road tax for farm-to-market dirt roads. By 1900 dirt roads were passable between most communities, and railroads crisscrossed the state (though by the early 21st century, passenger service had been discontinued on most lines). Texas has a well-developed federal and state highway system, which is concentrated in the more heavily populated east but is supplemented by an extensive network of roads throughout the state.

Texas was a pioneer in the development of the airplane. The first army flying schools were established at Fort Sam Houston in 1910. Kelly Field became a training camp for pilots in 1916, and Randolph Field was serving as “the West Point of the Air” by 1931. The need for air power in World War II brought air training to more than 40 military bases in Texas. Dallas–Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio are focal points for civilian air transportation. The Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport is one of the country’s largest in terms of land area and one of the busiest. Houston is serviced by two major airports.

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The discovery of oil and gas necessitated cheaper routes of water transportation to markets in the eastern and northern United States. Federal aid permitted harbour improvements at Galveston, Sabine Pass (opening water routes to Port Arthur and Beaumont), Aransas Pass, and Corpus Christi. The opening of the 44-mile (71-km) Houston Ship Channel has made Houston a major international port for cargo and cruise ships. In the 1930s an intercoastal canal was completed from New Orleans to Sabine Pass and from Galveston to Corpus Christi, and in 1946 the Gulf Intracoastal Canal was opened from Brownsville to Florida. Continuous dredging operations have opened lanes of ocean commerce to many smaller ports. Galveston, oldest among the major ports, is the headquarters for extensive commercial fishing enterprises.