Despite its industrialization, Massachusetts has preserved many of its forests, and there are now nearly 150 state forests, reservations, and parks. Public hunting grounds amount to some 40 square miles (100 square km). About a dozen national wildlife refuges and the Cape Cod National Seashore allow further contact with nature. Not far from downtown Boston is the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, which opened to the public in 1872 and has one of the largest collections of trees and shrubs in the United States.

Few large animals remain in the wild, but an occasional bear or moose is sighted. Other animals seen in the woods include deer, beavers, muskrats, minks, otters, snowshoe hares, red foxes, woodchucks, raccoons, and chipmunks. Along the shores sandpipers, blue herons, American egrets, sanderlings, and turnstones can be seen. Waterbirds include gulls, scoters, cormorants, and loons; those most often seen on land are kingfishers, warblers, bobwhites, brown thrashers, sparrow hawks, yellow-shafted flickers, and whippoorwills. Game birds include ruffed grouse, wild turkeys, and pheasant.

Population composition

Paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers had reached southern New England by some 10,000 years ago. By about 1000 ce the local inhabitants were Algonquian-speaking peoples who used horticultural techniques, as well as hunting, to create thriving societies. In the 17th century, land-hungry English settlers began to force out the Native Americans, and a great many native peoples also succumbed to European diseases. These Protestant English colonists, or “Yankees,” as they were known, became the dominant population for more than 200 years.

In the 1840s the homogeneous Yankee society was inundated by waves of Roman Catholic Irish escaping the ravages of the Irish Potato Famine. Similarly, in the 1860s agricultural poverty in Canada sent French Canadians in large numbers to Massachusetts as workers in the new factory system pioneered by Yankee entrepreneurs. While severe conflict and hostility arose between Yankee and immigrant, the increasing industrial prosperity of the 19th century served to ameliorate these conflicts. By the 1890s, and up through the first decades of the 20th century, new immigrants from Italy, Portugal, Greece, and eastern Europe had arrived to work in the still-prosperous factories of the state. By 1920 two-thirds of the population were either immigrants or children of immigrants, leaving the Yankees a distinct minority. Immigration was severely curtailed, however, by the passage in 1924 of the federal Immigration (National Origins) Act.

In the late 1950s, African Americans from the South began to trek north, with many settling in towns and cities in Massachusetts. A change in immigration laws beginning in 1965 spurred new groups of immigrants to the state seeking work and a better life. The major newcomers included Asians, Latinos, West Indians, and Russians. This wave of immigration added to the ethnic variety of the state and changed the face of many communities.

Native Americans make up only a small proportion of Massachusetts’s population today, although their ancestors’ legacy remains in the state’s name itself and in the names of dozens of its physical features.

Settlement patterns

The earliest European settlements were along the seacoast, with the population most heavily concentrated in those towns that lay at the mouths of rivers. The settlers fanned inland along these streams, drawing on them at first for farm use and later for the power to run mills. Early towns were also settled along the Connecticut River in the western part of the state.

Today the lure of the sea results in nearly equal popularity for all of the towns along the coast, where sunbathing, swimming, yachting, and fishing are a way of life. Besides those on Cape Cod, among these coastal towns are Plymouth, with its long harbour; Duxbury, Marshfield, Scituate, and Cohasset, the first suburbs of Boston to spring up during colonial days; Hingham, with its boating bays; Revere and Lynn, known for their beaches; Marblehead, one of the great yachting capitals of the world; and Gloucester and Cape Ann, famous for fishing.

Boston is surrounded by numerous bedroom communities, such as Belmont, Brookline, Malden, Milton, and Newton. Other urban centres include Springfield, Worcester, Fall River–New Bedford, Lowell-Lawrence, Pittsfield, and Fitchburg. These cities, which grew large during the Industrial Revolution, have since declined in population.

Religious heritage

Massachusetts is now largely Roman Catholic, though its religious foundation was solidly Protestant. The Pilgrims, who established the Plymouth colony in 1620, and the Puritan settlers went to Massachusetts mainly for religious reasons. Religion continued to be important throughout the early development of Massachusetts. The Puritan Congregational Church remained the established church until an amendment to the state constitution was passed in 1833. Following colonial patterns, churches often are found in the most prominent places of the towns and villages, symbolizing their traditional central role in social life.

Social hierarchies

Despite the great variety of ethnicities and national origins among the state’s people, the major concentration of wealth and power continues to be controlled by the 800 or so families who trace their pedigrees to the Mayflower and by those who in the following centuries so successfully trod the avenues of commerce, finance, and culture that they came to be considered among the ranks of that still-relevant cadre, the “Proper Bostonians.” In the state’s small towns too, a large proportion of the residents can claim a Yankee background going back many generations. Many descendants of later immigrants also have found their way to the top of the financial—and often political—ladder.