Other plans followed the Plan Castro: Arturo Soria’s linear city of 1892, with a planned 31-mile (50-km) axis stretching away from the city and served by a suburban railroad; and the satellite city idea of Núñez Granes (1910). Neither of these found support. It was in 1910 that a major new landmark appeared. The barrio of San Bernardo was bisected by a broad way running from the Calle de Alcalá downhill to the Plaza de España, which is where the city’s first high-rise commercial buildings were erected. This, the Gran Vía, was designed to be the main street of the city, and it has a characteristic vitality, with cinemas, coffeehouses, shops, and banks. Following the Civil War, it was renamed Avenida José Antonio after the founder of the Spanish fascist party, the Falange Española. Many streets and squares acquired new names at this time, but since Franco’s death most have reverted to their old ones. Another famous landmark, the Palacio de Comunicaciones in Cibeles Square, dates from about 1909. (In 2007 the Town Hall was transferred to this building.)

With the advent of the Republic in 1931, radial and ring roads appeared, and the Paseo de la Castellana was extended even farther. The city suffered heavily in the Civil War, with two years of aerial and artillery bombardment and combat lines drawn up as close as University City in western and northwestern Madrid. War damage to public buildings was repaired, and ambitious reconstruction plans were drawn up, but once again these were by and large unsuccessful in practice. The city spread outward, swallowing its own suburbs; between 1948 and 1951 Madrid burgeoned to cover a total of 205 square miles (531 square km), an approximately 10-fold growth rate. Land speculation, uncontrolled urban sprawl, and industrial development led to the changes of the 1960s, which, in common with the experience of many European cities, caused often irreparable damage to aspects of the city’s cultural heritage. A 1963 plan redirected growth without controlling it. Legislation passed in the 1980s and ’90s protects many of the city’s most prized structures, and there is emphasis on preserving older buildings, even if only elements of them can be saved.

During the 1980s and ’90s, major remodeling programs were inaugurated, and tens of thousands of new residences were constructed. A National Music Auditorium opened in 1990 along Calle Príncipe de Vergara, and during the decade several major building projects were undertaken, including the construction of a new railway station, and several cultural institutions, such as the Queen Sofia Museum, opened. Adjacent to the Royal Palace and near the Plaza de Oriente is Almudena Cathedral, now the city’s main cathedral. Construction began in 1883, but its completion was long delayed by work stoppages (because of financial constraints and the Spanish Civil War), and it was consecrated in 1993 by Pope John Paul II (a statue of whom is located on the grounds). Solidifying its role as a thriving metropolis, Madrid was designated the European Capital of Culture for 1992.

On March 11, 2004, Madrid suffered a devastating series of terrorist attacks when 10 bombs, detonated by Islamist militants, exploded on four trains at three different rail stations during rush hour. The attacks killed 191 people and injured some 1,800 others. Notwithstanding this tragedy, Madrid remained a major tourist attraction and a focus of Spanish political and cultural life in the 21st century.