During the city’s 1981 bicentennial celebration, the British periodical The Economist declared, “Los Angeles has, it seems, at last become a place to take seriously.” All signs pointed to new levels of achievement: the skyline, freeways, tourist attractions, movie industry, universities, museums, sports franchises—and even the newspaper of record, the Los Angeles Times. The size, diversity, and energy of its population were enough to rank it second only to New York City. It was now a world-class city. Los Angeles’s highly successful hosting of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games reinforced its new status.

Maturation came with a price tag, however. The city acquired a host of problems endemic to urban American life: traffic jams, gang warfare, increasing poverty, inadequate low-income housing, overcrowded schools, and ethnic and racial hostility. In 1965 a violent uprising in the mostly African American community of Watts was an undeniable reminder that Los Angeles could no longer consider itself simply a sunny city of tourism and the good life. The record smog levels and the riot of 1992—which broke out after LAPD officers were cleared of criminal charges in the beating of African American Rodney King—were sober reminders that urban tensions had not disappeared.

Yet private citizens, organizations, and civic leaders struggling to preserve open space, ensure a healthy environment, and maintain community stability could claim at least partial victories. Efforts to stem the flow of contaminants into storm drains helped clean up the beaches and improve fish habitats. A crusade to “green” parts of the Los Angeles River (i.e., restore areas of the concrete channel to wetlands, parks, and trails)—a laughable concept a few years earlier—was making tangible headway. The establishment of Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area in 1978 preserved a vast tract of valuable open land. A persistent campaign succeeded in preserving at least a fragment of the Ballona wetlands adjacent to Marina del Rey. A broad-based coalition defeated the city’s effort to build a high-technology trash incinerator near downtown and instead forced the city to start a curbside trash-recycling project. Youngsters were mobilized to plant tens of thousands of trees for aesthetic, recreational, and ecological purposes. A movement for historic preservation saved the treasured Central Library and subsequently other historic and cultural monuments. In the early 21st century, strict control of auto exhaust emissions and industrial pollutants noticeably improved air quality.

Los Angeles in the early 21st century was a city undergoing major changes. In downtown, the old City Hall building underwent historic restoration and retrofitting for earthquake safety. The area along Grand Avenue was renovated significantly. The Walt Disney Concert Hall at the Music Center hosted its first musical performances in 2003, and a refurbished Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Music Center for the first time housed resident opera and dance companies. A new Roman Catholic cathedral, designed by Spanish architect José Rafael Moneo, opened in 2002. Just east of Chinatown, the Cornfield, an abandoned railroad yard, became Los Angeles State Historic Park. Modernization of the Alameda Transportation Corridor, a 20-mile (30-km) pathway connecting the harbour with downtown, facilitated the movement of freight and helped pour billions of dollars into the local economy. New dredging and construction expanded cargo handling at what was already the country’s busiest seaport.

Los Angeles has a track record of confronting serious problems with inventive solutions. Even after major riots and serious earthquakes, the city continued to attract millions of visitors annually and large numbers of new residents. As historian Andrew Rolle wrote,

Los Angeles…continues to generate its own momentum. After two centuries of turbulent expansion, diehard residents remain optimistic about the city’s future. Despite the fact that Los Angeles’s image has been tarnished, these folk would live in no other place on earth.