Human imprint

Where irrigation permits, the Jordan Valley has been settled by Arab and Jewish agricultural communities. Notable settled regions are the Ḥula Valley in the north; the string of agricultural communities south of the Sea of Galilee in the West Bank, including Deganya—the oldest kibbutz (collective agricultural settlement) in Israel, founded in 1909—Afriqim, Ashdot Yaʿaqov, and H̱awwat Shemuʾel; the area along the East Ghor Canal on the east bank; and the area of the Wadi Fāriʿah in the West Bank. Navigation is impossible because of the river’s precipitous upper course, its seasonal flow fluctuations, and its twisting shallow lower course.

The Jordan’s waters are of special importance for irrigation. For a long time the water was not used, except for several oases in the bordering foothills—for example, at Jericho—which used the waters of springs that fed the river. The Ghawr region was formerly barren, desolate, and uninhabited, but the East Ghor irrigation canal—43 miles (69 km) long—was completed in 1967 on the east bank and has permitted the cultivation of oranges, bananas, early vegetables, and sugar beets on the Jordanian side of the valley. In Israel, apart from the drained portions of the Ḥula Valley and the construction of a canal from the Sea of Galilee to Bet Sheʾan, a water-supply grid has been constructed that permits 11.3 billion cubic feet (320 million cubic metres) of the Jordan’s waters to be pumped annually to the centre and south of Israel. The diversion of river water by both Israel and Jordan has significantly diminished the Jordan’s flow into the Dead Sea and has been a major factor in the considerable drop in the sea’s water level since the 1960s.