Hamburg has mild winters, late springs, relatively cool summers, high humidity, and frequent fog. The mean winter temperature is 34.2 °F (1.2 °C), and the mean summer temperature is 62.4 °F (16.9 °C).

Industry

Having absorbed Altona, Harburg, and Wandsbek in 1937, Hamburg has become Germany’s major industrial city. All processing and manufacturing industries are represented there. Hamburg treats most of the country’s copper supplies, and the Norddeutsche Affinerie, on Veddel, is Europe’s second largest copperworks. The chemical, steel, and shipbuilding industries are also important, although shipbuilding has declined as a result of competition from Japan and Korea. Hamburg is also the most important centre in Germany, after Berlin, for newspaper and periodical publishing. Nuclear plants at Krümmel and Brunsbüttel provide power at a reasonable cost to the industries bordering the Unterelbe and to parts of Hamburg.

Trade

In the period of German partition, Hamburg handled more than half of West Germany’s foreign trade, not only in the form of shipping cargo but also as rail and airfreight. Chief among imports are vegetable oils and fats, tea, coffee, petroleum, tropical fruit, and uncured tobacco. Exports include machinery, electrotechnical products, processed petroleum fuel and lubricants, copper, and pharmaceutical products.

The greatest economic centre of Germany, Hamburg since 1960 has become the site of first-class trade fairs. Many of the fairs and conventions are held at the Ernst-Merck-Halle exhibition grounds, located south of the Planten un Blomen park. An especially popular event is the international boat show, held each winter.

Transportation

The harbour is Hamburg’s “gateway to the world.” More than 15,000 ships from over 100 countries pass through it each year. The city’s Übersee-Zentrum is the world’s largest roofed warehouse, and the Waltershof container terminal is the largest of its kind on the continent.

Harbour and city are well served by the German railway network, and the city has a good system of buses and underground trains. To relieve the central city from long-distance traffic, a tunnel was built (opened in 1977) under the Elbe as a part of the Stockholm-Lisbon highway.

The airport of Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel, which dates from 1911, is one of the oldest in Europe. It has two runways from which even the largest jet-propelled aircraft can still take off.

Government

According to the constitution of June 6, 1952, legislative authority is vested in the Bürgerschaft (State Parliament), which comprises 120 members elected for a four-year term.

The Bürgerschaft elects the government, the Senat, which is organized on a collegiate basis; the president, or erster Bürgermeister (“first mayor”), is elected by the Senat itself annually, although in practice each incumbent normally stays in office at least four years. The Senat as a whole represents the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in its dealings with the other federal Länder, with the federal government, and with foreign states. Each senator is responsible for a particular department, but administrative problems of a local nature are delegated to the district offices and to the local authorities.

The magnificent Rathaus (City Hall), where the Senat and the Bürgerschaft meet, in the centre of the city near the Binnenalster, was built late in the 19th century in the Neo-Renaissance style.

Hamburg’s coat of arms displays a three-towered castle, intended to represent the Hammaburg, silver (argent), on a red (gules) field, its design being derived from the city’s great seal of 1241. The state flag likewise shows a white castle on a red field. The state’s anthem, “Stadt Hamburg an der Elbe Auen” (“City of Hamburg by the Meadows of the Elbe”), was written by G.N. Bärmann in 1828 and set to music by Albert Methfessel.

Education

The Universität Hamburg, founded in 1919, is one of the largest in Germany, with some 46,000 students and faculties covering virtually every discipline except certain technological subjects. A second university, the Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, began classes in 1982. Hamburg also has state schools for music and interpretative art and for the sculptural arts, as well as some 250 research centres covering such areas as hydrography, oceanography, tropical medicine, shipbuilding, economics, meteorology, and particle acceleration.