Titan submersible implosion
More than 100 years after sinking, the Titanic continues to capture the public’s imagination. It has inspired numerous books, TV shows, and films—as well as a highly lucrative tourism industry. For hundreds of thousands of dollars, Titanic enthusiasts can travel in submersible vehicles to the wreckage, which lies approximately 12,500 feet (3,800 meters) below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. This once-in-a-lifetime experience is not without risks, however. Submersibles must contend with unpredictable currents, the possibility of becoming ensnared in debris, and the intense pressure of extreme depths.
These dangers became clear on June 18, 2023, when the Titan submersible carrying five passengers went missing while traveling to the Titanic. Following an extensive search, it was discovered that the vessel had imploded. Those killed included pilot Stockton Rush, the cofounder and CEO of OceanGate, which owned the submersible. Rush had made a name for himself as a visionary and rule-breaker. But some worried that his desire to innovate had led him to take unnecessary risks. Was the Titan unsafe? What happened during its fateful dive? We take a closer look at the latest tragedy involving the Titanic.
- Stockton Rush (age 61): American engineer and businessman, cofounder of OceanGate Expeditions
- Hamish Harding (age 58): British businessman
- Paul-Henri Nargeolet (age 77): French underwater explorer and Titanic expert
- Shahzada Dawood (age 48): British Pakistani businessman
- Suleman Dawood (age 19): British Pakistani student
How was the Titan different from other submersibles?
While the cause of the implosion remains under investigation, many have focused on the unique design of the Titan. Prior to the disaster, numerous maritime experts worried that the submersible was unsafe. Rush disputed those claims, and in 2021 he said, “I’ve broken some rules to make this. I think I’ve broken them with logic and good engineering behind me.” So what rules did he break?
Material. Until the Titan, the hulls (or cabins) of submersibles were typically composed of solid metal, most notably titanium, which is known for withstanding intense tension and compression. The latter is of particular concern, since it is the primary force that submersibles face. The Titan, however, was made of carbon fiber, which is less expensive. While strong, carbon fiber can be unpredictable when dealing with compression.
In addition to the carbon fiber hull, the Titan had titanium endcaps. The two materials, each of which have different compression and expansion rates, had to be joined together. This increased the likelihood of damage to their watertight bond, which would worsen over time. Alfred McLaren, a U.S. Navy captain, told The New York Times, “At that depth, you could have a leak that’s not much bigger than a diameter of one of your hairs and you would be dead within a fraction of a second.”
GPS does not work underwater. The Titan relied on text messages from its support ship for directions.
Shape. The hulls of traditional submersibles are spherical. This shape evenly distributes pressure, which can be extreme at great depths. In the area of the Titanic wreckage, every square inch of an object faces about 5,500 pounds (2,495 kg) of force. The hull of the Titan was oblong, which would cause an uneven distribution of pressure.
Size. With its cylindrical hull, the Titan was larger than other submersibles and was able to carry five passengers. A spherical submersible typically has only three on board. The larger size of the Titan resulted in greater pressure being exerted on the vessel, especially at its midsection.
Steering. The Titan used a video-game controller to steer. While other submersibles may use something that is similar in concept, their steering systems are specifically built for submersibles and are highly reliable. The Alvin, one of the earliest deep-ocean submersibles, uses a computerized steering system.
Transport. Most submersibles are carried aboard a support ship, suspended from specially built winches. The Titan was typically towed behind the support ship on a platform. Rough waters could result in a bumpy ride, causing some to speculate that the submersible could have been damaged.
Certification. Unlike other submersibles, the Titan was not certified by a third party. The company stated in a blog post, “Bringing an outside entity up to speed on every innovation before it is put into real-world testing is anathema to rapid innovation.” It also claimed in a blog post that “the vast majority of marine (and aviation) accidents are a result of operator error, not mechanical failure. As a result, simply focusing on classing the vessel does not address the operational risks.”
Below is a comparison of the Titan and the Alvin, the first submersible to take people to the wreckage of the Titanic, which is considered the gold standard of submersibles. Alvin was certified in 1965, and it underwent several renovations in subsequent years, including an upgrade that was completed in 2022.
| Titan | Alvin | |
|---|---|---|
| length | 22 feet (6.5 meters) | 23.1 feet (7 meters) |
| beam | 9.2 feet (2.8 meters) | 8.4 feet (2.6 meters) |
| height | 8.3 feet (2.5 meters) | 11.6 feet (3.6 meters) |
| thickness of hull | 5 inches (13 cm) | 3 inches (7.6 cm) |
| gross weight | 23,000 pounds (10,433 kg) | 40,000 pounds (20,000 kg) |
| maximum operating depth | 13,123 feet (4,000 meters) | 21,325 feet (6,500 meters) |
| passenger capacity | 5 | 3 |
| oxygen supply | 96 hours | 72 hours |
Timeline
Sunlight cannot penetrate water past 3,281 feet (1,000 meters). This marks the start of the ocean’s “midnight zone.” Around this depth, the temperature of the water is about 40 °F (4 °C).
Learn the history of OceanGate and discover what happened during the Titan’s doomed dive.
• 2009: Stockton Rush and Guillermo Söhnlein found OceanGate with the goal of “increasing access to the deep ocean through innovation.”
• 2010: The company purchases Antipodes, a certified submersible. Later that year it is used for OceanGate’s first commercial excursion, in which paying passengers explore the waters off Catalina Island, California.
• 2013: Work begins on the submersible Cyclops I. It debuts two years later but can go to depths of only 1,640 feet (500 meters). That year Söhnlein leaves OceanGate.
• 2016: Cyclops I dives to the wreck of the Andrea Doria. The Italian liner lies at a depth of 250 feet (76 meters) in the Atlantic Ocean. Later that year construction starts on Cyclops 2.
• 2017: OceanGate announces plans to take tourists to the wreck of the Titanic. The cost per ticket is $105,129.
• 2018: The Cyclops 2 makes its maiden voyage and is later renamed the Titan. That year the chair of the Marine Technology Society writes a letter to OceanGate expressing safety concerns about the Titan. It is signed by more than 30 others in the field. In addition, OceanGate’s director of marine operations notes numerous potential problems with the submersible and is subsequently fired.
• 2019: A submersible expert goes on a test dive in the Titan and hears cracking noises. In an email to Rush, he writes that the sound suggests that “an area of the hull…is breaking down.” He notifies Rush, who calls off the rest of the year’s dives.
• July 10, 2021: The Titan makes its first trip to the Titanic. However, most of the dives are canceled or aborted, a trend that will continue the following year. Later in 2021 OceanGate raises the price of a seat to $250,000.
• June 18: The last voyage of the Titan.
- 8:00 am (Eastern Time): The Titan is launched from the Polar Prince. On board the submersible are four guests and Rush. It is expected to take 2.5 hours to reach the wreckage. The dive is supposed to last approximately 8 hours.
- 9:45 am: Contact with the submersible is lost. About this time the U.S. Navy detects “an anomaly consistent with an implosion or explosion.”
- 3:00 pm: The Titan is scheduled to resurface but does not appear.
- 5:40 pm: The U.S. Coast Guard is notified.
• June 19: The search begins for the missing submersible.
“The collective ‘we’ didn’t remember the lesson of Titanic.…Because the arrogance and the hubris that sent that ship to its doom is exactly the same thing that sent those people in that sub to their fate.”
—James Cameron, director of the film Titanic, on CNN, 2023
• June 20: Sonar detects “banging” noises in the search area, but these are later determined to be natural ocean sounds.
• June 22, 11:48 am: The U.S. Coast Guard announces that a remotely operated vehicle has discovered a debris field. Parts of the Titan are found about 1,600 feet (500 meters) from the Titanic’s bow. Based on the debris, officials believe that the submersible experienced a “catastrophic implosion.”
• June 23: The Coast Guard convenes a Marine Board of Investigation to determine what happened to the Titan.
• June 28: Wreckage of the Titan is brought to St. John’s.
• July 2: OceanGate announces that it is ending operations.
• June 10, 2024: An alleged transcript of the Titan’s final voyage is declared to be a fake by Capt. Jason D. Neubauer, chairman of the Marine Board of Investigation. The transcript appeared online soon after the implosion, and it reportedly recounted the panicked final moments of the passengers aboard the Titan. Neubauer, however, said the board had determined that “it was made up.”
• June 14, 2024: The Marine Board of Investigation announces that its inquiry is taking longer than expected. While initially scheduled to release its findings within a year, the board said there would be a delay, citing “the need to contract two salvage missions to secure vital evidence and the extensive forensic testing required.”
• August 2024: The family of Paul-Henri Nargeolet files a civil lawsuit against OceanGate and the estate of Stockton Rush, seeking more than $50 million. According to the suit, the Titan dropped weights some 90 minutes into the voyage, indicating that the submersible was attempting to return to the surface. The legal filings also alleged that:
“The crew may well have heard the carbon fiber’s crackling noise grow more intense as the weight of the water pressed on Titan’s hull…By experts’ reckoning, they would have continued to descend, in full knowledge of the vessel’s irreversible failures, experiencing terror and mental anguish prior to the Titan ultimately imploding.”
• September 16, 2024: The U.S. Coast Guard begins holding public hearings about the disaster. During the proceedings, it is revealed that the submersible had experienced numerous equipment issues over the years. In addition, a former engineering director with OceanGate claimed that he had been fired in 2019 when he deemed Titan’s hull to be unsafe.