Social Movements & Trends, IRR-LAT

The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
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Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Irredentist
Irredentist, any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century......
Islamic Cooperation, Organization of the
Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC), an Islamic organization established in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in......
Ismāʿīl
Ismāʿīl was the second ruler of the ʿAlawī dynasty of Morocco; his long reign (1672–1727) saw the consolidation......
Ismāʿīl Shahīd, Muḥammad
Muḥammad Ismāʿīl Shahīd was an Indian Muslim reformer who attempted to purge Indian Islam from idolatry and who......
Iturbide, Agustín de
Agustín de Iturbide was a Mexican caudillo (military chieftain) who became the leader of the conservative factions......
Ivan III
Ivan III was the grand prince of Moscow (1462–1505) who subdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or......
J-curve hypothesis
J-curve hypothesis, in sociology and political science, theory that attempts to identify the reasons behind the......
Jabavu, Davidson Don Tengo
Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu was a Black educator and South African political leader. The son of John Tengo Jabavu,......
Jabotinsky, Vladimir
Vladimir Jabotinsky was a Zionist leader, journalist, orator, and man of letters who founded the militant Zionist......
Jacobs, Harriet
Harriet Jacobs was an American abolitionist and autobiographer who crafted her own experiences into Incidents in......
Jacobs, Jane
Jane Jacobs was an American-born Canadian urbanologist noted for her clear and original observations on urban life......
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn was the German “father of gymnastics” who founded the turnverein (gymnastics club) movement......
Jam Master Jay
Jam Master Jay was an American rap musician and producer who was a member of Run-DMC, the first rap group to attract......
James I
James I was the king of Scots from 1406 to 1437. During the 13 years (1424–37) in which he had control of the government,......
JAY-Z
JAY-Z is an American rapper and entrepreneur, one of the most influential figures in hip-hop in the 1990s and early......
Jebb, John
John Jebb was a British political, religious, and social reformer who championed humanitarian and constitutional......
Jeremiah
Jeremiah was a Hebrew prophet, reformer, and author of a biblical book that bears his name. He was closely involved......
Jerome of Prague
Jerome of Prague was a Czech philosopher and theologian whose advocacy of sweeping religious reform in the Western......
Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin was a Chinese official who was general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1989–2002) and......
Jiaqing
Jiaqing was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), during whose reign (1796–1820) a partial attempt......
Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros was a prelate, religious reformer, and twice regent of Spain (1506, 1516–17). In......
jingoism
jingoism, an attitude of belligerent nationalism, or a blind adherence to the rightness or virtue of one’s own......
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali
Mohammed Ali Jinnah was an Indian Muslim politician, who was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of......
John Of Kronshtadt
John Of Kronshtadt was a Russian Orthodox priest-ascetic whose pastoral and educational activities, particularly......
John of the Cross, St.
St. John of the Cross ; canonized 1726; feast day December 14) was one of the greatest Christian mystics and Spanish......
John of Ávila, St.
St. John of Ávila ; canonized 1970; feast day May 10) was a reformer, one of the greatest preachers of his time,......
John XXIII, Saint
Saint John XXIII ; beatified September 3, 2000canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 11) was one of the most......
Jones, Inigo
Inigo Jones was a British painter, architect, and designer who founded the English classical tradition of architecture.......
Jones, Samuel M.
Samuel M. Jones was a Welsh-born U.S. businessman and civic politician notable for his progressive policies in......
Joseph II
Joseph II was the Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765–80), and......
Joseph of Volokolamsk, Saint
Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk ; canonized 1578; feast day September 9) was a Russian Orthodox abbot and theologian......
Josiah
Josiah was the king of Judah (c. 640–609 bce), who set in motion a reformation that bears his name and that left......
Juan Carlos
Juan Carlos was the king of Spain from 1975 to 2014. He acceded to the Spanish throne two days after the death......
Judicature Act of 1873
Judicature Act of 1873, in England, the act of Parliament that created the Supreme Court of Judicature (q.v.) and......
Juice WRLD
Juice WRLD was an American rapper known for his freestyling ability and introspective lyrics. He first gained popularity......
Julian, George W.
George W. Julian was an American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical......
Jung Bahadur
Jung Bahadur was the prime minister and virtual ruler of Nepal from 1846 to 1877, who established the powerful......
Justinian I
Justinian I was a Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government......
Juárez, Benito
Benito Juárez was a national hero and president of Mexico (1861–72), who for three years (1864–67) fought against......
Kagawa Toyohiko
Kagawa Toyohiko was a Christian social reformer, author, and leader in Japanese labour and democratic movements......
Kang Youwei
Kang Youwei was a Chinese scholar, a leader of the Reform Movement of 1898 and a key figure in the intellectual......
Kangxi
Kangxi was the second emperor (reigned 1661–1722) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). To the Chinese empire......
Kansei reforms
Kansei reforms, series of conservative measures promoted (largely during the Kansei era [1789–1801]) by the Japanese......
Kapodístrias, Ioánnis Antónios, Komis
Ioánnis Antónios, Komis Kapodístrias was a Greek statesman who was prominent in the Russian foreign service during......
Karavelov, Lyuben Stoychev
Lyuben Stoychev Karavelov was a Bulgarian writer and revolutionary who contributed to the national reawakening......
Kartini, Raden Adjeng
Raden Adjeng Kartini was a Javanese noblewoman whose letters made her an important symbol for the Indonesian independence......
Karve, Dhondo Keshav
Dhondo Keshav Karve was an Indian social reformer and educator, noted for supporting the education of women and......
Katay Don Sasorith
Katay Don Sasorith was a Lao nationalist and author of eloquent resistance pamphlets in his youth, who later held......
Katipunan
Katipunan, (“Supreme Worshipful Association of the Sons of the People”), Filipino nationalist organization founded......
Kaunda, Kenneth
Kenneth Kaunda was a politician who led Zambia to independence in 1964 and served as that country’s president until......
Kehew, Mary Morton Kimball
Mary Morton Kimball Kehew was an American reformer who worked to improve the living and working conditions of mid-19th-century......
Kelley, Florence
Florence Kelley was an American social reformer who contributed to the development of state and federal labour......
Kenyatta, Jomo
Jomo Kenyatta was an African statesman and nationalist, the first prime minister (1963–64) and then the first president......
Kern, Johann Conrad
Johann Conrad Kern was a longtime Swiss minister to France and one of the authors of the Swiss federal constitution......
Khmer Issarak
Khmer Issarak, anti-French nationalist movement organized in Cambodia in 1946. It quickly split into factions,......
Khmer Rouge
Khmer Rouge, radical communist movement that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 after winning power through a guerrilla......
Khomeini, Ruhollah
Ruhollah Khomeini was an Iranian Shiʿi cleric who led the revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi......
Khosrow I
Khosrow I was a Persian king who ruled the Sāsānian empire from 531 to 579 and was remembered as a great reformer......
King, Gregory
Gregory King was an English genealogist, engraver, and statistician, best known for his Natural and Political Observations......
Kitabatake Chikafusa
Kitabatake Chikafusa was a Japanese warrior, statesman, and author of the influential politico-historical treatise......
Klapka, György
György Klapka was a soldier and Hungarian nationalist, one of the leaders in the revolutionary war of 1848–49.......
Klemm, Gustav Friedrich
Gustav Friedrich Klemm was a German anthropologist who developed the concept of culture and is thought to have......
Kogălniceanu, Mihail
Mihail Kogălniceanu was a Romanian statesman and reformer, one of the founders of modern Romanian historiography,......
Kollontay, Aleksandra Mikhaylovna
Aleksandra Mikhaylovna Kollontay was a Russian revolutionary who advocated radical changes in traditional social......
Kolokotrónis, Theódoros
Theódoros Kolokotrónis was a prominent Greek patriot in the War of Greek Independence (1821–30). As a member of......
Konarski, Stanisław
Stanisław Konarski was a Roman Catholic priest and political writer, who influenced the reform of education in......
Korfanty, Wojciech
Wojciech Korfanty was a political leader who played a major role in the national reawakening of the Poles of Upper......
Korošec, Anton
Anton Korošec was a Slovene political leader who helped to found the Yugoslav nation after World War I and briefly......
Kosola, Iisakki Vihtori
Vihtori Iisakki Kosola was a nationalist political leader, the founder and commander of modern Finland’s Fascist......
Kossuth, Lajos
Lajos Kossuth was a political reformer who inspired and led Hungary’s struggle for independence from Austria. His......
Kovic, Ron
Ron Kovic is a Vietnam War veteran, activist, and author who became a leading antiwar figure in the 1970s. Kovic......
Kołłątaj, Hugo
Hugo Kołłątaj was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, reformer, and politician who was prominent in the movement for......
Kripalani, Jivatram Bhagwandas
Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani was a prominent Indian educator, social activist, and politician in both pre- and......
Kronshtadt Rebellion
Kronshtadt Rebellion, (March 1921), one of several major internal uprisings against Soviet rule in Russia after......
Kropotkin, Peter Alekseyevich
Peter Alekseyevich Kropotkin was a Russian revolutionary and geographer, the foremost theorist of the anarchist......
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan was a Mongolian general and statesman, who was the grandson and greatest successor of Genghis Khan.......
Kudirka, Vincas
Vincas Kudirka was a Lithuanian physician, writer, and patriot who, through an underground literary-political journal,......
Kuhn, Maggie
Maggie Kuhn was an American social activist who was central in establishing the group that became known as the......
Kurdistan Workers’ Party
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), militant Kurdish nationalist organization founded by Abdullah (“Apo”) Öcalan in......
Kāmil, Muṣṭafā
Muṣṭafā Kāmil was a lawyer, journalist, and Egyptian nationalist who was a founder of the National Party. Muṣṭafā......
La Farina, Giuseppe
Giuseppe La Farina was an Italian revolutionary, writer, and leader and historian of the Risorgimento. The son......
La Flesche, Susette
Susette La Flesche was a Native American writer, lecturer, and activist in the cause of Native peoples’ rights.......
La Follette, Robert M.
Robert M. La Follette was an American leader of the Progressive movement who, as governor of Wisconsin (1901–06)......
La Fontaine, Henri
Henri La Fontaine was a Belgian international lawyer and president of the International Peace Bureau (1907–43)......
La Guma, Alex
Alex La Guma was a black novelist of South Africa in the 1960s whose characteristically brief works (e.g., A Walk......
La Harpe, Frédéric-César de
Frédéric-César de La Harpe was a Swiss political leader and Vaudois patriot, tutor and confidant to Tsar Alexander......
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de
François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt was an educator and social reformer who founded......
Labour, Liberation of
Liberation of Labour, first Russian Marxist organization, founded in September 1883 in Geneva, by Georgy Valentinovich......
Laidoner, Johan
Johan Laidoner was an Estonian soldier and patriot who led the Estonian liberation army in 1918 and supported the......
Lal, Chaudhary Devi
Chaudhary Devi Lal was an Indian politician and government official who founded the Indian National Lok Dal political......
Landless Workers Movement
Landless Workers Movement (MST), Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation.......
Lange, Christian Lous
Christian Lous Lange was a Norwegian peace advocate, secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (1909–33),......
Langiewicz, Marian
Marian Langiewicz was a Polish soldier and patriot who played a key role in the Polish insurrection of 1863. After......
Lanza, Giovanni
Giovanni Lanza was an Italian statesman and political activist of the Risorgimento who was premier in 1870 when......
Lao Issara
Lao Issara, Laotian political movement against French colonial control, founded in 1945. The departure of the Japanese......
Lateran Council, Fifth
Fifth Lateran Council, (1512–17), the 18th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Julius II and held in the Lateran......
Lateran Council, Fourth
Fourth Lateran Council, (1215), the 12th ecumenical council, generally considered the greatest council before Trent.......
Lathrop, Julia Clifford
Julia Clifford Lathrop was an American social welfare worker who was the first director of the U.S. Children’s......

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title