Medicine, IPR-NEP
Humans have long sought to find cures for the ailments and injuries that befall them. This has led to a long history of diverse attempted treatments, including herbal remedies, leeching, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, homeopathy, and more, all the way up to the most recent science-based treatments that have come into use during the development of today's modern medicine. Medical research and the study of the causes of disease have led to rapid and significant advances in medicine, improving both the efficacy of treatments and our understanding of illnesses and how they operate. The importance of preventive medicine has grown, and the field of medicine has become increasingly specialized as medical disciplines and branches such as endocrinology, immunology, psychiatry, radiology, epidemiology, and nanomedicine have emerged.
Medicine Encyclopedia Articles By Title
iproniazid, the first drug of the monoamine-oxidase inhibitor series to be introduced into medicine (1958). It......
iron lung, mechanical medical device, sufficiently large to enclose most of an individual’s body, used to maintain......
isolation, in medicine, separation of an infected individual (human or animal) from the healthy until that individual......
isoniazid, drug used in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. Isoniazid commonly is used in combination......
itching, a stimulation of free nerve endings, usually at the junction of the dermis and epidermis of the skin,......
Itzamná, principal pre-Columbian Mayan deity, ruler of heaven, day, and night. He frequently appeared as four gods......
ivermectin, antiparasitic drug used as a dewormer in livestock and other animals and to treat onchocerciasis (river......
jimsonweed, (Datura stramonium), annual herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Possibly native......
Karolinska Institute, a Swedish institute for medical education and research, founded in 1810. The primary interest......
ketamine, general anesthetic agent related structurally to the hallucinogen phencyclidine (PCP). Ketamine was first......
khat, (Catha edulis), slender evergreen tree or shrub, the leaves and young buds of which are chewed for a euphoric......
khitān, in Islam, circumcision of the male; by extension it may also refer to the circumcision of the female (properly......
kidney function test, any clinical and laboratory procedure designed to evaluate various aspects of renal (kidney)......
kidney transplant, replacement of a diseased or damaged kidney with a healthy one obtained either from a living......
kinesiology, Study of the mechanics and anatomy of human movement and their roles in promoting health and reducing......
knee-jerk reflex, sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, which......
knockout mouse, genetically engineered laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) in which a specific gene has been inactivated,......
labanotation, system of recording human movement, originated by the Hungarian-born dance theorist Rudolf Laban.......
The Lancet, British medical journal established in 1823. The journal’s founder and first editor was Thomas Wakley,......
laparoscopy, procedure that permits visual examination of the abdominal cavity with an optical instrument called......
laparotomy, opening of the abdominal (or peritoneal) cavity. After laparotomy became reasonably safe, the whole......
laryngectomy, surgical procedure to remove all or a portion of the larynx (voice box). The procedure most often......
laryngology, a branch of medicine dealing with the larynx, nose, and pharynx. See...
LASIK, laser-based eye surgery commonly used to correct nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and......
lateral flow test, method for the rapid detection and quantification of chemicals and other substances (analytes)......
laudanum, originally, the name given by Paracelsus to a famous medical preparation of his own, composed of gold,......
laxative, any drug used in the treatment of constipation to promote the evacuation of feces. Laxatives produce......
leeching, the application of a living leech to the skin in order to initiate blood flow or deplete blood from a......
lethargy, in medicine, a morbid condition of deep and lasting drowsiness from which the sufferer can be aroused......
letrozole, anticancer drug used to inhibit the synthesis of estrogen in postmenopausal women who have breast cancers......
levallorphan, drug derived from morphine that can activate certain receptors and inhibit others. Levallorphan’s......
levodopa, Organic compound (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) from which the body makes dopamine, a neurotransmitter......
lidocaine, synthetic organic compound used in medicine, usually in the form of its hydrochloride salt, as a local......
lifesaving, any activity related to the saving of life in cases of drowning, shipwreck, and other accidents on......
lincosamide, any agent in a class of antibiotics that are derived from the compound lincomycin and that inhibit......
lithium, in pharmacology, drug that is the primary treatment for bipolar disorder. Given primarily in its carbonate......
liver function test, any laboratory procedure that measures and assesses various aspects of liver function. Because......
lobotomy, surgical procedure in which the nerve pathways in a lobe or lobes of the brain are severed from those......
lorazepam, drug used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, and epilepsy, as a sedative, and to......
LSD, potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug that can be derived from the ergot alkaloids (as ergotamine and ergonovine,......
Lugol’s solution, antiseptic mixture of iodine and potassium iodide introduced into medicine in 1829 by French......
lumbar puncture, direct aspiration (fluid withdrawal) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through a hollow needle. The......
lung ventilation/perfusion scan, in medicine, a test that measures both air flow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion)......
macrolide, class of antibiotics characterized by their large lactone ring structures and by their growth-inhibiting......
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), three-dimensional diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize organs and structures......
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diagnostic imaging technique based on the detection of metabolites in tissues.......
magnetoencephalography (MEG), imaging technique that measures the weak magnetic fields emitted by neurons. An array......
malabsorption test, any of a group of noninvasive medical procedures used to diagnose abnormalities associated......
malachite green, triphenylmethane dye used medicinally in dilute solution as a local antiseptic. Malachite green......
malpractice, Negligence, misconduct, lack of ordinary skill, or breach of duty in the performance of a professional......
mammography, medical procedure employing X-ray technology to detect lesions in the breast that may be indicative......
managed care, type of health insurance and system of delivering health care services that is intended to minimize......
marijuana, crude drug composed of the leaves and flowers of plants in the genus Cannabis. The term marijuana is......
massage, in medicine, systematic and scientific manipulation of body tissues, performed with the hands for therapeutic......
mastectomy, surgical removal of a breast, usually to remove a malignancy but also performed in the treatment of......
Mayo Clinic, nonprofit surgical and medical clinic with facilities located in Rochester, Minnesota; Jacksonville,......
Mayo family, the most famous group of physicians in the United States. Three generations of the Mayo family established......
mediastinoscopy, medical examination of the mediastinum (the region between the lungs and behind the sternum, or......
medical association, professional organization or learned society developed to promote high standards in medical......
medical cannabis, herbal drug derived from plants of the genus Cannabis that is used as part of the treatment for......
medical examiner, any physician who is charged with the diligent investigation and rigorous examination of the......
medical tourism, international travel for the purpose of receiving medical care. Many patients engage in medical......
medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD), intervention used in the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), a condition......
medicine, the practice concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease.......
- Introduction
- Costs, Accessibility, Quality
- Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention
- Russia, History, Practices
- Developing Countries, Health Care, Access
- Developing Countries
- Alternative, Complementary, Holistic
- Industrial, Prevention, Safety
- Geriatrics, Elderly Care, Aging
- Japanese History, Practices, & Beliefs
- Clinical Research, Evidence-Based, Diagnosis
- Surgery, Procedures, Techniques
medicine man, member of an indigenous society who is knowledgeable about the magical and chemical potencies of......
history of medicine, the development of the prevention and treatment of disease from prehistoric and ancient times......
- Introduction
- Traditional Asia, Surgery, Medicine
- Chinese Practices, Discoveries, & Innovations
- Japan, Traditional, Modern
- Hellenistic, Roman, Practices
- New Learning, Spread, Medical Advancements
- 18th Century, Advancements, Practices
- Germ Theory, Microbes, Vaccines
- 20th Century, Advancements, Innovations
- Immunology, Vaccines, Microbes
- Immunization, Viral Diseases, Vaccines
- Insulin, Diabetes, Treatment
- Malignant Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment
- Pre-WWI Changes
- Shock, Treatments, Prevention
- WW2, Advancements, Healthcare
- Organ Transplantation
melarsoprol, antiprotozoal drug formerly used in the treatment of late-stage African trypanosomiasis (sleeping......
meldonium, drug used to protect against tissue damage caused by ischemia—a reduction in blood flow to a part of......
Menninger family, American physicians who pioneered methods of psychiatric treatment in the 20th century. Charles......
meperidine, synthetic drug used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is an opioid analgesic, and thus......
meprobamate, drug used in the treatment of anxiety. A central nervous system depressant, meprobamate acts selectively......
merbromin, antiseptic used to prevent infection in small cuts and abrasions. Commonly marketed as Mercurochrome,......
mescaline, naturally occurring alkaloid, the active principle contained in the flowering heads of the peyote cactus......
methadone, potent synthetic narcotic drug that is the most effective form of treatment for addiction to heroin......
methamphetamine, potent and addictive synthetic stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system (the spinal......
What is methaqualone used for? Methaqualone was historically used as a sedative-hypnotic drug for treating insomnia......
methicillin, antibiotic formerly used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by organisms of the genus......
methotrexate, drug used to slow the growth of certain cancers, including leukemia, breast cancer, and lung cancer.......
microarray, laboratory technique used in the study and analysis of biological molecules, particularly DNA and proteins,......
microsurgery, the specialized surgical technique of observing through a compound microscope when operating on minute......
midazolam, drug used to induce general anesthesia, to reduce anxiety during medical procedures, and to treat acute......
midwifery, care of women in pregnancy, childbirth (parturition), and the postpartum period that often also includes......
mifepristone, synthetic steroid drug used under various trade names (e.g., RU-486, Mifegyne, Mifeprex) to induce......
minoxidil, medication that is used to treat both high blood pressure (hypertension) and baldness. Minoxidil is......
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4), on July 1, 1982,......
MMR vaccine, suspension containing live, weakened versions of the viruses that cause three diseases: mumps, measles,......
monoclonal antibody, antibody produced artificially through genetic engineering and related techniques. Production......
morphine, narcotic analgesic drug used in medicine in the form of its hydrochloride, sulfate, acetate, and tartrate......
moxibustion, traditional medical practice that originated in China and thence spread to Japan and other Asian countries.......
mucosal protective agent, any drug that protects the mucosal lining of the stomach from acidic gastric juices.......
music therapy, clinical discipline in which music is used to address nonmusical goals. Therapists use music listening,......
MYCIN, an early expert system, or artificial intelligence (AI) program, for treating blood infections. In 1972......
myelography, medical procedure for examining the spinal cord by means of X rays. It is especially useful in diagnosing......
myocardial perfusion imaging, medical procedure that uses radioactive tracers, primarily thallium, to detect abnormalities......
naloxone, drug used to relieve potentially fatal respiratory depression caused by opioid overdose. Naloxone is......
narcotic, drug that produces analgesia (pain relief), narcosis (state of stupor or sleep), and addiction (physical......
nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, diagnostic medical procedure that uses a flexible fibre-optic endoscope to visualize......
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), in the United States, allowable levels of harmful air pollutants......
National Health Service (NHS), in Great Britain, a comprehensive public-health service under government administration,......
nephrology, branch of medicine concerned with the study of kidney functions and the treatment of kidney diseases.......