Chemistry, SMI-THI
How do you use raw plant materials to manufacture a best-selling perfume? How do you engineer household products that are compliant with environmentally-oriented guidelines? The answers to these questions require an understanding of the laws of chemistry, the science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of elements and compounds, as well as the transformations that such substances undergo and the energy that is released or absorbed during those processes. Chemistry is also concerned with the utilization of natural substances and the creation of artificial ones. Over time, more than 8,000,000 different chemical substances, both natural and artificial, have been characterized and produced. Chemistry's vast scope comprises organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and industrial chemistry, along with biochemistry, environmental chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and much more. Through the dedicated efforts of people such as Robert Boyle, Dmitri Mendeleev, John Dalton, Marie Curie, and Rosalind Franklin, the field of chemistry has led to exciting innovations as well as crucial advances in our understanding of how the world functions, starting with the miniscule and unassuming atom.
Chemistry Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Michael Smith was a British-born Canadian biochemist who in the 1970s conceived and developed a method by which......
Oliver Smithies was a British-born American scientist who, with Mario R. Capecchi and Sir Martin J. Evans, won......
soda lime, white or grayish white granular mixture of calcium hydroxide with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.......
Frederick Soddy was an English chemist and recipient of the 1921 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for investigating radioactive......
sodium (Na), chemical element of the alkali metal group (Group 1 [Ia]) of the periodic table. Sodium is a very......
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), white crystalline or powdery solid that is a source of carbon dioxide and so is used......
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a corrosive white crystalline solid that contains the Na+ (sodium) cation and the OH−......
soft water, water that is free from dissolved salts of such metals as calcium, iron, or magnesium, which form insoluble......
soil chemistry, discipline embracing all chemical and mineralogical compounds and reactions occurring in soils......
Ernest Solvay was a Belgian industrial chemist, best known for his development of a commercially viable ammonia-soda......
solvolysis, a chemical reaction in which the solvent, such as water or alcohol, is one of the reagents and is present......
somatostatin, polypeptide that inhibits the activity of certain pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones. Somatostatin......
Frank Harold Spedding was an American chemist who, during the 1940s and ’50s, developed processes for reducing......
sphingolipid, any member of a class of lipids (fat-soluble constituents of living cells) containing the organic......
What is spironolactone used for? Spironolactone is a diuretic drug that is used to treat conditions related to......
spontaneous combustion, the outbreak of fire without application of heat from an external source. Spontaneous combustion......
Georg Ernst Stahl was a German educator, chemist, and esteemed medical theorist and practitioner. His chemical......
Wendell Meredith Stanley was an American biochemist who received (with John Northrop and James Sumner) the Nobel......
starch, a white, granular, organic chemical that is produced by all green plants. Starch is a soft, white, tasteless......
Hermann Staudinger was a German chemist who won the 1953 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for demonstrating that polymers......
steam, odourless, invisible gas consisting of vaporized water. It is usually interspersed with minute droplets......
stearic acid, one of the most common long-chain fatty acids, found in combined form in natural animal and vegetable......
stearyl alcohol, waxy solid alcohol formerly obtained from whale or dolphin oil and used as a lubricant and antifoam......
William H. Stein was an American biochemist who, along with Stanford Moore and Christian B. Anfinsen, was a co-winner......
Thomas Steitz was an American biophysicist and biochemist who was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, along......
stereochemistry, Term originated c. 1878 by Viktor Meyer (1848–97) for the study of stereoisomers (see isomer).......
What are steroids? Steroids are natural or synthetic organic compounds with a molecular structure of 17 carbon......
steroid hormone, any of a group of hormones that belong to the class of chemical compounds known as steroids; they......
Julius Stieglitz was a U.S. chemist who interpreted the behaviour and structure of organic compounds in the light......
J. Fraser Stoddart is a Scottish-American chemist who was the first to successfully synthesize a mechanically interlocked......
stoichiometry, in chemistry, the determination of the proportions in which elements or compounds react with one......
strain theory, in chemistry, a proposal made in 1885 by the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer that the stability......
Fritz Strassmann was a German physical chemist who, with Otto Hahn, discovered neutron-induced nuclear fission......
strontium (Sr), chemical element, one of the alkaline-earth metals of Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table. It is......
strychnine, a poisonous alkaloid that is obtained from seeds of the nux vomica tree (S. nux-vomica) and related......
styrene, liquid hydrocarbon that is important chiefly for its marked tendency to undergo polymerization (a process......
styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), a rigid, transparent plastic produced by the copolymerization of styrene......
styrene-butadiene and styrene-isoprene block copolymers (SBR), two related triblock copolymers that consist of......
styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a thermoplastic resin produced by the copolymerization of styrene and maleic......
substitution reaction, any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom, ion, or group of atoms or ions in......
succinic acid, a dicarboxylic acid of molecular formula C4H6O4 that is widely distributed in almost all plant and......
sucrase, any member of a group of enzymes present in yeast and in the intestinal mucosa of animals that catalyze......
sucrose, organic compound, colourless sweet-tasting crystals that dissolve in water. Sucrose (C12H22O11) is a disaccharide;......
sugar, any of numerous sweet, colourless, water-soluble compounds present in the sap of seed plants and the milk......
sulfate, any of numerous chemical compounds related to sulfuric acid, H2SO4. One group of these derivatives is......
sulfate mineral, any naturally occurring salt of sulfuric acid. About 200 distinct kinds of sulfates are recorded......
sulfation, in chemistry, any of several methods by which esters or salts of sulfuric acid (sulfates) are formed.......
sulfide, any of three classes of chemical compounds containing the element sulfur. The three classes of sulfides......
sulfide mineral, any member of a group of compounds of sulfur with one or more metals. Most of the sulfides are......
sulfonamide, any member of a class of chemical compounds, the amides of sulfonic acids. The class includes several......
sulfonation, in chemistry, any of several methods by which sulfonic acids are prepared. Important sulfonation procedures......
sulfone, any of a family of organic sulfur compounds in which two carbon-containing combining groups are linked......
sulfonic acid, any of a class of organic acids containing sulfur and having the general formula RSO3H, in which......
sulfoxide, any of a class of organic compounds containing sulfur and oxygen and having the general formula (RR′)......
sulfur (S), nonmetallic chemical element belonging to the oxygen group (Group 16 [VIa] of the periodic table),......
sulfur dioxide, (SO2), inorganic compound, a heavy, colorless, poisonous gas. It is produced in huge quantities......
sulfur oxide, any of several compounds of sulfur and oxygen, the most important of which are sulfur dioxide (SO2)......
sulfuric acid, dense, colourless, oily, corrosive liquid; one of the most commercially important of all chemicals.......
James Batcheller Sumner was an American biochemist and corecipient, with John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith......
superheated steam, water vapour at a temperature higher than the boiling point of water at a particular pressure.......
surface analysis, in analytical chemistry, the study of that part of a solid that is in contact with a gas or a......
Suzuki Akira is a Japanese chemist who was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in using palladium......
Theodor H.E. Svedberg was a Swedish chemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1926 for his studies in the......
Joseph Swan was an English physicist and chemist who produced an early electric lightbulb and invented the dry......
Franciscus Sylvius was a physician, physiologist, anatomist, and chemist who is considered the founder of the 17th-century......
R.L.M. Synge was a British biochemist who in 1952 shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with A.J.P. Martin for their......
Albert Szent-Györgyi was a Hungarian biochemist whose discoveries concerning the roles played by certain organic......
Jack W. Szostak is an English-born American biochemist and geneticist who was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for......
taenite, nickel-iron mineral having a face-centred cubic structure and playing a major role in the crystallization......
Jokichi Takamine was a biochemist and industrial leader whose most important achievement was the isolation of the......
William Henry Fox Talbot was an English chemist, linguist, archaeologist, and pioneer photographer. He is best......
Gustav Tammann was a Russian chemist who helped to found the science of metallurgy and pioneered in the study of......
Tanaka Koichi is a Japanese scientist who, with John B. Fenn and Kurt Wüthrich, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry......
tantalum (Ta), chemical element, bright, very hard, silver-gray metal of Group 5 (Vb) of the periodic table, characterized......
tartaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid, one of the most widely distributed of plant acids, with a number of food and......
Edward L. Tatum was an American biochemist who helped demonstrate that genes determine the structure of particular......
Henry Taube was a Canadian-born American chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1983 for his extensive......
taxol, organic compound with a complex multi-ring molecule that occurs in the bark of Pacific yew trees (Taxus......
tear gas, any of a group of substances that irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, causing a stinging sensation......
technetium (Tc), chemical element, synthetic radioactive metal of Group 7 (VIIb) of the periodic table, the first......
Mária Telkes was a Hungarian-born American physical chemist and biophysicist best known for her invention of the......
tellurium (Te), semimetallic chemical element in the oxygen group (Group 16 [VIa] of the periodic table), closely......
telomerase, enzyme that influences cell life span by adding organic compounds known as nucleotides to telomeres,......
tennessine (Ts), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 117. In 2010 Russian and American......
terbium (Tb), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Terbium is a......
terpene, any of a class of hydrocarbons occurring widely in plants and animals and empirically regarded as built......
testosterone, hormone produced by the male testis that is responsible for development of the male sex organs and......
tetrachloroethane, either of two isomeric colourless, dense, water-insoluble liquids belonging to the family of......
tetrachloroethylene, a colourless, dense, nonflammable, highly stable liquid belonging to the family of organic......
tetraethyl lead (TEL), organometallic compound containing the toxic metal lead that for much of the 20th century......
tetraethyl pyrophosphate, an organic phosphorus compound used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of......
tetrafluoroethylene, a colourless, odourless, faintly toxic gas belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds;......
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), active constituent of marijuana and hashish that was first isolated from the Indian......
thallium (Tl), chemical element, metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table, poisonous......
Louis-Jacques Thenard was a French chemist, teacher, and author of an influential four-volume text on basic chemical......
theobromine, diuretic drug and major alkaloidal constituent of cocoa. Theobromine is a xanthine alkaloid, a methylxanthine,......
theophylline, alkaloidal drug used in medicine as an antiasthmatic, coronary vasodilator, and diuretic. Theophylline......
Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell was a Swedish biochemist whose study of enzymes that facilitate oxidation reactions in......
thiamin, water-soluble organic compound that is necessary for carbohydrate metabolism in both plants and animals.......
thiazine, any of three organic compounds of the heterocyclic series, having molecular structures that include a......