Biology, CYS-EFF
How do plants feed themselves? How did dogs evolve from wolves? What good is the appendix in humans, anyway? Such questions fall within the domain of biology, which seeks to understand living organisms and their vital processes (although the jury’s still out on what our appendixes are for). Biology’s diverse fields include botany, ecology, evolution, genetics, medicine, physiology, and zoology.
Biology Encyclopedia Articles By Title
cyst, in biology, enclosed sac within body tissues, having a distinct membrane and generally containing a liquid......
cystinosis, inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of crystals of the amino acid cystine in various......
cystinuria, hereditary error of metabolism characterized by the excessive excretion into the urine of four amino......
cystitis, acute or chronic inflammation of the urinary bladder. The bladder, the storage sac for urine, is lined......
cytogenetics, in cell biology, field that deals with chromosomes and their inheritance, particularly as applied......
cytokinesis, in biology, the process by which one cell physically divides into two cells. Cytokinesis represents......
cytology, the study of cells as fundamental units of living things. The earliest phase of cytology began with the......
cytomegalovirus (CMV), any of several viruses in the herpes family (Herpesviridae), frequently involved in human......
cytoplasm, the semifluid substance of a cell that is external to the nuclear membrane and internal to the cellular......
cytoplasmic streaming, the movement of the fluid substance (cytoplasm) within a plant or animal cell. The motion......
cytoskeleton, a system of filaments or fibres that is present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells containing......
dacryocystitis, inflammation and infection of the lacrimal sac, usually stemming from obstruction of the flow of......
damping-off, destructive disease of plant seedlings. Damping-off is caused by a number of seed- and soil-borne......
Darwinism, theory of the evolutionary mechanism propounded by Charles Darwin as an explanation of organic change.......
de Toni–Fanconi syndrome, a metabolic disorder affecting kidney transport, characterized by the failure of the......
deafness, partial or total inability to hear. The two principal types of deafness are conduction deafness and nerve......
death, the total cessation of life processes that eventually occurs in all living organisms. The state of human......
- Introduction
- Mortality, Grief, Loss
- Process, Event, Causes
- Cell Death, Apoptosis, Necrosis
- Brainstem, Cells, Death
- Brainstem, Diagnosis, Tests
- Ancient Egypt, Rituals, Beliefs
- Mesopotamia, Mortality, Beliefs
- Hinduism, Reincarnation, Karma
- Afterlife, Immortality, Soul
- Resurrection, Judgment, Afterlife
- Descartes, Pineal, Brainstem
- Attitudes, Beliefs, Rituals
death cap, (Amanita phalloides), species of poisonous mushroom, the deadliest known to humans. The death cap is......
defecation, the act of eliminating solid or semisolid waste materials (feces) from the digestive tract. In human......
dehydration, loss of water from the body; it is almost invariably associated with some loss of salt (sodium chloride)......
delayed puberty, failure of the physical development of the reproductive system by the normal stage or period of......
delirium, a mental disturbance marked by disorientation and confused thinking in which the patient incorrectly......
deltoideus muscle, large, triangular muscle that covers the shoulder and serves mainly to raise the arm laterally.......
delusion, in psychology, a rigid system of beliefs with which a person is preoccupied and to which the person firmly......
deme, in biology, a population of organisms within which the exchange of genes is completely random; i.e., all......
dementia, general term for any of a number of conditions marked by chronic, usually progressive deterioration of......
dendrology, study of the characteristics of trees, shrubs, lianas, and other woody plants. Dendrology is generally......
denitrifying bacteria, microorganisms whose action results in the conversion of nitrates in soil to free atmospheric......
deoxyribose, five-carbon sugar component of DNA (q.v.; deoxyribonucleic acid), where it alternates with phosphate......
dermatitis, an inflammation of the skin usually characterized by redness, swelling, blister formation, and oozing......
dermatochalasis, sagging of the eyelid skin and underlying muscle that occurs commonly during the aging process.......
dermatomyositis, chronic progressive inflammation of the skin and muscles, particularly the muscles of the shoulders......
dermis, the thicker, deeper layer of the skin underlying the epidermis and made up of connective tissue. It is......
desmid, (order Desmidiales), order of single-celled (sometimes filamentous or colonial) microscopic green algae,......
detached retina, eye disorder involving separation of the transparent light-sensing portion of the retina from......
deuteromycetes, fungi (kingdom Fungi) in which a true sexual state is uncommon or unknown. Many of these fungi......
Devonian extinctions, a series of mass extinction events primarily affecting the marine communities of the Devonian......
diabetes, either of two disorders of the endocrine system. For information about the disorder caused by the body’s......
diabetes insipidus, pathological endocrine condition characterized by excessive thirst and excessive production......
diabetes mellitus, disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability of the body to produce......
diabetic nephropathy, deterioration of kidney function occurring as a complication of diabetes mellitus. The condition......
diapause, spontaneous interruption of the development of certain animals, marked by reduction of metabolic activity.......
diaphragm, dome-shaped, muscular and membranous structure that separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities......
diarrhea, abnormally swift passage of waste material through the large intestine, with consequent discharge of......
diastole, in the cardiac cycle, period of relaxation of the heart muscle, accompanied by the filling of the chambers......
diatom, (class Bacillariophyceae), any member of the algal class Bacillariophyceae (division Chromophyta), with......
dieback, common symptom or name of disease, especially of woody plants, characterized by progressive death of twigs,......
Diego blood group system, classification of human blood according to the properties conferred by the presence of......
digestion, sequence by which food is broken down and chemically converted so that it can be absorbed by the cells......
digestive system disease, any of the diseases that affect the human digestive tract. Such disorders may affect......
- Introduction
- Dental Caries, Oral Health, Bacteria
- Esophageal Disorders, Gastrointestinal Issues, Dysphagia
- Motility, Symptoms, Treatment
- Diverticula, Symptoms, Treatment
- Gastric Ulcers, Gastritis, Dyspepsia
- Gastritis, Symptoms, Causes
- Travelers' Diarrhea
- Parasitic Infections
- Colitis, Crohn's, Ulcerative
- Abscesses, Symptoms, Treatment
- Crohn's, Inflammatory Bowel, Autoimmune
- Liver Disease, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acute Cholestatic Hepatitis, Canalicular Injury, Liver Damage
- Liver Complications, Advanced Disease, Symptoms
- Biliary Tract, Symptoms, Treatment
- Jaundice, Liver, Pancreas
- Pancreatitis, Chronic, Symptoms
human digestive system, system used in the human body for the process of digestion. The human digestive system......
- Introduction
- Teeth, Enzymes, Digestion
- Salivary Glands, Enzymes, Digestion
- Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach
- Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines
- Blood, Nerve Supply
- Gastric Mucosa, Digestive Processes, Enzymes
- Gastric Secretion, Digestive Process, Nutrient Absorption
- Anatomy, Organs, Processes
- Contractions, Motility, Digestion
- Enzymes, Absorption, Nutrients
- Secretions, Enzymes, Absorption
- Rectum, Anus, Digestion
- Organs, Processes, Functions
- Microscopic Anatomy, Organs, Processes
- Bile, Enzymes, Absorption
- Islet Cells, Digestion, Nutrition
- Proteins, Enzymes, Absorption
- Fats, Enzymes, Absorption
- Calcium, Enzymes, Absorption
- Intestinal Gas, Digestive Process, Nutrition
- Hormones, Enzymes, Absorption
- Gastrointestinal Tract, Immunity, Digestion
- Evolution, Development, Anatomy
invertebrate digestive system, any of the systems used by invertebrates for the process of digestion. Included......
digit malformation, in human physiology, any of the isolated anomalies of the digits (fingers or toes) in an otherwise......
dilator muscle, any of the muscles that widen a body part. In humans, the dilator muscle of the iris contains fibres......
dinoflagellate, (division Dinoflagellata), any of numerous one-celled aquatic organisms bearing two dissimilar......
diphtheria, acute infectious disease caused by the bacillus Corynebacterium diphtheriae and characterized by a......
diplomonad, any member of the protozoan order Diplomonadida. Diplomonads are small zooflagellates that inhabit......
disease, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated......
dissociative disorder, any of several mental disturbances in humans in which normally integrated mental functions,......
diverticulum, any small pouch or sac that forms in the wall of a major organ of the human body. Diverticula form......
DNA, organic chemical of complex molecular structure that is found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and......
DNA fingerprinting, in genetics, method of isolating and identifying variable elements within the base-pair sequence......
DNA repair, any of several mechanisms by which a cell maintains the integrity of its genetic code. DNA repair ensures......
How do dogs age in comparison with humans? And are seven dog years really equivalent to one year of human life?......
Dollo’s law, biological principle, formulated about 1890 by Louis Dollo, a French-born Belgian paleontologist,......
Dolly, female Finn Dorset sheep that lived from 1996 to 2003, the first clone of an adult mammal, produced by British......
Dombrock blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of certain glycoproteins, originally......
dominance, in genetics, greater influence by one of a pair of genes (alleles) that affect the same inherited character.......
dormancy, state of reduced metabolic activity adopted by many organisms under conditions of environmental stress......
double vision, perceiving of two images of a single object. Normal binocular vision results from the brain’s fusion......
dourine, venereal disease of horses, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma equiperdum. The disease, which involves......
downy mildew, disease of plants, especially in cool humid regions, caused by several funguslike organisms of the......
drowning, suffocation by immersion in a liquid, usually water. Water closing over the victim’s mouth and nose cuts......
drug allergy, hypersensitivity reaction to therapeutic agents that occasionally occurs on subsequent exposure to......
drug resistance, Property of a disease-causing organism that allows it to withstand drug therapy. In any population......
dry rot, symptom of fungal disease in plants, characterized by firm spongy to leathery or hard decay of stem (branch),......
ductus deferens, thick-walled tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis,......
Duffy blood group system, classification of human blood based on the presence of glycoproteins known as Fy antigens......
dulse, (Palmaria palmata), edible red alga (Rhodophyta) found along the rocky northern coasts of the Atlantic and......
duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, which receives partially digested food from the stomach and begins......
Dupuytren’s contracture, flexion deformity of the hands caused by thickening of the fascia, or fibrous connective......
Dutch elm disease, widespread fungoid killer of elms (Ulmus species) and certain other trees, first described in......
dwarfism, condition of growth retardation resulting in abnormally short adult stature and caused by a variety of......
dysarthria, motor speech disorder in which neurological damage impairs the ability of nerves to send messages to......
dysentery, infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea with......
dysplasia, malformation of a bodily structure or tissue; the term most commonly denotes a malformation of bone.......
dystonia, movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and repetitive contraction of muscle groups, resulting......
ear bone, any of the three tiny bones in the middle ear of all mammals. These are the malleus, or hammer, the incus,......
ear disease, any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human ear and hearing. Impaired hearing is, with......
human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion......
- Introduction
- Anatomy, Hearing, Balance
- Eardrum, Ossicles, Hearing
- Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals
- Cochlea, Hearing, Balance
- Hearing, Cochlea, Organ of Corti
- Endolymph, Perilymph, Hearing
- Hearing, Anatomy, Physiology
- Sound Waves, Outer & Middle Ear
- Bone Conduction, Hearing, Vibration
- Cochlea, Hair Cells, Auditory Nerve
- Cochlear Nerve, Auditory Pathways
- Auditory Nervous System, Hearing, Sound
- Hearing Tests, Anatomy, Acoustics
- Balance, Vestibular, Physiology
eating disorders, atypical eating patterns, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia, compulsive overeating, and pica......
Ebola, contagious disease caused by a virus of the family Filoviridae that is responsible for a severe and often......
ebolavirus, genus of viruses in the family Filoviridae, certain members of which are particularly fatal in humans......
echinococcosis, formation of cysts, or hydatids, at the site of infestation by the larval form of Echinococcus......
ecology, study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems......
ectopic pregnancy, condition in which the fertilized ovum (egg) has become imbedded outside the uterine cavity.......
ectropion, outward turning of the border (or margin) of the eyelid (usually the lower eyelids). The condition most......
edema, in medicine, an abnormal accumulation of watery fluid in the intercellular spaces of connective tissue.......
Edwards v. Aguillard, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 19, 1987, ruled (7–2) that a Louisiana statute......
effective population size, in genetics, the size of a breeding population, a factor that is determined by the number......