Succession controversy of Robert Mugabe

When Mugabe was inaugurated in 2013, he was already 89 years of age, and many wondered how much longer he could continue to rule and, crucially, who would eventually succeed him. He avoided any official discussion of the topic, which, along with his increasing frailty and declining health in the following years, led to an increasing amount of infighting within ZANU-PF, with factions developing as party members tried to amass support and position themselves to claim the presidency. For many years, Joice Mujuru was thought to be a main contender to succeed Mugabe. Mujuru was a celebrated veteran of the guerrilla war against Rhodesia’s white-minority government and was one of Zimbabwe’s two vice presidents. In 2014, however, Mugabe’s wife, Grace, launched a string of stinging verbal assaults on Mujuru’s character, culminating with Mujuru being dismissed from the vice presidency in December 2014 and expelled from the party months later. Emmerson Mnangagwa, another decorated liberation war hero with a prominent standing in ZANU-PF, replaced Mujuru as vice president and was poised as a leading contender to succeed Mugabe, but he, too, fell victim to blistering verbal attacks by Grace and, later, her husband. He was dismissed from the vice presidency on November 6, 2017, and reportedly fled the country; he was soon expelled from the party as well.

Grace, who had only become active in politics in 2014, managed to ascend rapidly, securing an influential post as head of ZANU-PF’s Women’s League in late 2014, which automatically made her a member of ZANU-PF’s powerful politburo. She also earned the backing of G40, a group of young ZANU-PF leaders, and ZANU-PF’s Youth League. With Mnangagwa’s dismissal, she managed to position herself, with her husband’s support, as the sole candidate to succeed him as president. Mnangagwa’s ouster appeared to have crossed a line with the military, however, and on November 13 Gen. Constantino Chiwenga, chief of Zimbabwe’s army, threatened to intervene if ZANU-PF did not stop purging the respected liberation veterans from the party.

Military action and resignation

The intervention came in the early hours of November 15, 2017. The military seized power and placed Mugabe under house arrest. In a televised address, a military spokesperson stressed that the military action was not a coup but an operation to target the “criminals” who surrounded Mugabe and were responsible for the country’s economic and social troubles. After they were brought to justice, the situation would return to normal, the military pledged. The spokesperson also said that the safety of Mugabe and his family was guaranteed and that Mugabe was still the president and commander in chief. The military began searching for and arresting members of Mugabe’s cabinet as well as prominent G40 leaders and supporters of Grace.

Any lingering signs of visible support for Mugabe among the general population began to evaporate, as thousands of Zimbabweans took to the streets in peaceful demonstrations calling for him to step down. Support from party members also dissipated: at a meeting of ZANU-PF’s Central Committee on November 19, members voted to remove Mugabe as party leader and replace him with Mnangagwa. The committee also voted to remove Grace from her position as head of the Women’s League and expelled her and many of her G40 supporters from the party. Furthermore, ZANU-PF called for Mugabe’s resignation, threatening to impeach him if he did not step down voluntarily. On November 21, after Mugabe had not heeded calls to resign, ZANU-PF initiated impeachment proceedings in the parliament, including in its charges that the president had allowed his wife to unjustifiably gain power and that he was no longer able to fulfill his duties as president. The same day, Mugabe submitted a letter announcing his resignation, effective immediately. Mnangagwa, who had been chosen by ZANU-PF’s Central Committee to serve out the remainder of Mugabe’s term, returned to the country the following day. He was inaugurated as interim president of Zimbabwe on November 24, 2017.

Writings

Mugabe wrote an article for the 1982 Britannica Book of the Year (events of 1981) detailing the Black majority’s struggle for independence. See Struggling for Nationhood: The Birth of Zimbabwe.

Britannica Quiz

African Leaders: Part One