Later paintings and recognition of Henri Rousseau

In 1893 Rousseau retired from the toll house to devote himself entirely to painting. Soon afterward he met Alfred Jarry, a brilliant young writer, also from Laval, whose nonconformity shocked his contemporaries. Jarry was struck by Rousseau’s unusual work and introduced the self-taught artist to the circle of intellectuals associated with the avant-garde review Le Mercure de France. It was this review that first published an article praising Rousseau. The article was written in connection with his painting The War (1894), exhibited at the 1894 Salon des Indépendants, which demonstrated a striking use of allegory, convincing some viewers that Rousseau was much more than a minor landscapist. This work marked the beginning of the recognition of Rousseau as a serious painter.

His most important painting of this period was The Sleeping Gypsy (1897), in which he portrayed a woman asleep in a moonlit desert with a huge lion standing over her, seemingly transfixed. The landscape is completely bare except for the woman’s jug and mandolin. In this painting, Rousseau’s technique was exceedingly primitive; the woman lies stiffly on the ground, still clutching her walking staff, and her smiling face is childishly rendered. The stripes of her dress and the hairs of the lion’s mane are individually traced in a naive but decorative, almost abstract manner. The painting, however, is wonderfully expressive. The woman’s smile, the lion’s staring eye, the bare, unearthly landscape, and the whimsical twist at the end of the lion’s tail unite opposing feelings of peace and danger, and of solemn mystery and whimsy, into a powerful expression of magical enchantment.

When he exhibited this painting, Rousseau wrote to the mayor of his native Laval, asking him to purchase it because it was intended to be a tribute to that town. The mayor, however, was merely amused at the idea. As this anecdote reveals, by this time Rousseau had enormous confidence in his own work and considered himself to be a great painter. Not only was he unaware of his lack of conventional technical skill, but he believed that his work resembled that of the academic painters. He still dreamed of official glory, but his painting was appreciated only by young avant-garde painters such as Robert Delaunay, Pablo Picasso, and their common defender, the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who also became Rousseau’s principal supporter.

In 1905 Rousseau was invited to the Salon d’Automne (a semiofficial exhibition created after a schism among the academicians), where his painting The Hungry Lion (1905) was hung in the same room as the works of the group of avant-garde painters known as the Fauves (“Wild Beasts”)—Henri Matisse, André Derain, and Maurice de Vlaminck. At last the critics began to speak of Rousseau in a positive light. Ambroise Vollard, the most important dealer in modern paintings in Paris, bought pictures from him.

Rousseau lived in a humble quarter of Paris, where he gave painting lessons in his home. (His second wife, whom he had married in 1899, died in 1903.) Among avant-garde artists and intellectuals he became a popular figure. In 1908 Picasso organized in his studio a banquet in Rousseau’s honor, to which the most sophisticated artists and critics of his day were invited.

During his last years Rousseau painted chiefly exotic landscapes, of which The Hungry Lion was the first major example. The paintings are characterized by a profusion of exotic plant growth painted with great attention to detail. The many different leaf forms that Rousseau depicted were probably based on plants that he studied at the botanical garden in Paris. He rendered each leaf separately yet with an eye toward overall design; each branch of leaves constitutes an almost abstract pattern. In the midst of this vegetal density, colorful birds flit about and mysterious animals stare out at the viewer. There is usually some dramatic incident taking place in the center, such as a lion attacking its prey, which is in keeping with Rousseau’s continued predilection toward the grandiose, historical, dramatic narratives of traditional academic painting.

Shortly before his death, Rousseau painted the most ambitious of these jungle paintings, The Dream (1910; also called Yadivigha’s Dream), which was also one of his greatest works. In this impressive fantasy, an enchanting nude rests on a red plush Victorian sofa in the middle of a dense jungle. Huge flowers wave about her head, two lions and an elephant peer out of the undergrowth, and a musician plays a flute behind her. Rousseau’s explanation of this scene is that the woman, having fallen asleep on the sofa, dreams that she is transported to this improbable region. This painting, which exhibits all of Rousseau’s descriptive and expressive skill, is a supreme revelation of his powerful and uncommon imagination.

Legacy

Rousseau’s reputation increased after his death; he was honored with a retrospective exhibition at the Salon des Indépendants in 1911. In 1912 the painter Wassily Kandinsky wrote admiringly about Rousseau in his Expressionist review Der Blue Reiter. In addition to inspiring an interest in naive art in the 20th century, he is also thought to have influenced the dreamscapes of Surrealist artists such as Paul Delvaux and Max Ernst.