There are three characteristic dance postures. An upright posture with a straight back is used as an expression of authority in the dance of chiefs and priests. In the second posture the dancer inclines forward from the hips, moving his attention and gestures toward the ground. In the third posture the dancer holds the torso nearly parallel to the ground, taking the body weight onto the balls of the feet. Many riverine people use this posture. The downward stress toward the earth does not necessarily imply that the dancer is heavy-footed. In some cultures the dancers use the full foot in stamping out the rhythms, while in others they may leap or perform light foot movements.

Rhythm

African dances are earth-centred. Dancers repeatedly return to the earth as they give themselves to the rhythmic pulses of their dance, interpreting the percussive patterns of the music through their postures, gestures, and steps. They externalize rhythmic patterns in the surrounding space by moving through, rather than to, fixed positions in the space surrounding the body. Thus, the criteria for assessing skill are based on rhythmic rather than spatial precision. Rhythm is provided for the dancer by musicians playing percussive instruments, by singers, or by a combination of music and song. In some cultures the dancers themselves sing or play musical instruments as they perform. Normally the musicians lead the dancers, although there are cultures in which the dancer takes over the initiative and sets up a dialogue of rhythmic exchange.

A dancer is assessed primarily on his ability to follow the percussive musical rhythm, “to play the drums with his feet” or with whatever part of the body articulates the rhythm. Each dance style is immediately identified by its characteristic rhythmic pattern. In some cultures the rhythmic patterns are expressed in foot patterns, in others in contractions of the torso, strong shoulder beats, rapid vibrations or twists of the buttocks, or acrobatic leaps.

A wide variety of rhythmic patterns form the basis of dance in Africa. The most basic is the continuous repetition of a simple beat at a steady tempo for the duration of a dance. This may continue for days, as in the Akbia women’s funeral dance in South Sudan and the dances of the Bambuti of Central Africa.

Teams of savanna farmers on the Jos Plateau play instruments as they dance, using simple, repetitive rhythmic phrases. Angas men of West Africa blow 14 large buffalo horns as they perform the repetitive step pattern of the Rumada dance in a circle, following the line or moving in and out of the centre. Neighbouring Chip men perform a light run, playing flutes of four different pitches that combine to form a rhythmic melody. At the end of each phrase the dancers turn toward the centre of their circle to perform a climax of light hopping movements as they play. In many styles of circle dance the music is divided into a number of separate sections, each with its own distinct rhythm and related dance pattern, as in the Lmele le dag Chun dance of the Birom girls of the Jos Plateau.

The Igbo dance to a complex of sophisticated rhythms. In the Ubi-Ogazu dance, a version of the popular Atilogwu performed by a boys’ team, the adult leader dances while playing a small flute to lead the rhythm. He is supported by a single-membrane drum, a pot drum, two simple xylophones, and a bamboo gong. The dance has at least 10 variations, each with a distinct rhythm dictating its own movement pattern. As in most African dances, the rhythm gives the name to the dance steps: in the Ikpo Okme, the performers hop from one foot to the other; for Ebenebe, a stamping pattern leads into a cartwheel; Iza requires an upright carriage with high kicks; Nkpopi is a leaping dance; Etukwa requires the torso to be inclined to the earth as the feet drum a staccato beat; Nzaukwu Nabi is a stamping step with sudden pauses.

In the Ubi-Ogazu (“Guinea Fowl”; named for the bird that inspired a hunter to create the dance), the performers hold bird-topped, carved staves for an initial dance in which they execute birdlike hops in a circle. They then drop the staves in favour of horse-tail switches held in both hands as they form two lines facing each other for the main performance. The performers wear brief skirts with girdles of brass bells and seedpod rattles around their ankles to accentuate their movements. The regular introduction of new themes calls for innovation in the dance rhythms. The girls’ and women’s teams use a more flowing quality of movement that elaborates the intertwining rhythms played by an ensemble or sung by a choir at varying tempos.

While months of practice are required before an Igbo dance team is permitted by the elders to perform on a public occasion, a Yoruba dancer may develop new patterns within the dance style during performance. The Yoruba Apala dance allows individuals to move on a free-flow floor pattern. Each dancer competes with his fellows in the interpretation of the rhythm and in his swift response to change. The leading drummer leaves the ensemble to join an outstanding dancer in a rhythmic exchange in which he praises and urges him into yet greater feats of invention, the drum’s tones speaking recognizable proverbs from the tonal Yoruba language. The dancer performs a variety of subtle foot patterns leading into turns, kicks, or small, neat jumps. He flourishes his horse-tail switch and swirls or holds his flowing robe as he continuously alters his tempo at the dictates of the drum.

The Swange is a form of urban recreational dance among the Tiv in which men and women dance together. This dance uses the circle formation familiar in village dances and adapts traditional musical themes to highlife rhythms played on a combination of Tiv and Hausa instruments. The climax of the evening is provided by a solo dancer who improvises freely, using movements from many styles of Tiv dance in a rhythmic dialogue with the lead drummer.