dog
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Also known as: Canis lupus familiaris

The Herding breeds are livestock-oriented, although they are versatile in protecting and serving humans in other ways. Herding breeds are intelligent and lively, making fine family pets or obedience competitors. Dogs were first used to assist sheepherders in the 1570s, but other varieties were bred for different herding tasks. Herding breeds are quick and agile, able to work on any terrain, and well-suited for short bursts of high speed. These dogs, even the compact breeds, are strong and muscular, possessing proud carriage of head and neck. Herding dogs perceive even the slightest hand signals and whistle commands to move a flock or seek out strays.

Selected breeds of herding dogs
name origin height in inches* dogs (bitches) weight in pounds* dogs (bitches) characteristics comments
*1 inch = 2.54 centimetres; 1 pound = 0.454 kilogram
Australian Cattle Dog Australia 18–20 (17–19) 35–45 (same) sturdy, compact body; moderately short, weather-resistant coat bred from several breeds, including dingoes and Dalmatians
Australian Shepherd U.S. 20–23 (18–21) 35–70 (same) medium-sized; lithe and agile; moderate-length coat; bobbed tail descended from shepherd dogs of Basque region (Spain/France)
Bearded Collie Scotland 21–22 (20–21) 40–60 (same) medium-sized; muscular body; shaggy, harsh outercoat dates to the 1500s
Belgian Sheepdog (Groenendael) Belgium 24–26 (22–24) 50–60 (same) well-muscled, square body; erect ears; black coat used during World War I as message carriers and ambulance dogs; three other varieties
Border Collie England 19–22 (18–21) 31–50 (same) medium-sized; muscular, athletic build; numerous colours with various combinations of patterns and markings world's outstanding sheep herder; possesses hypnotic stare used to direct herds
Bouvier des Flandres Belgium/France 23.5–27.5 (23.5–26.5) 88 (same) rugged, compact body; rough coat; blocky head with mustache and beard natural guard dog, often used in military settings
Cardigan Welsh Corgi Wales 10–12 (same) 25–38 (25–34) long, low body and tail; deep chest; large, prominent ears not as prevalent as its Pembroke counterpart
Collie (rough) Scotland 24–26 (22–24) 60–75 (50–65) lithe body; deep, wide chest; abundant coat, especially on mane and frill also smooth variety with short coat
German Shepherd Germany 24–26 (22–24) 75–95 (same) well-muscled, long body; erect ears; long muzzle one of the most-recognized dog breeds
Old English Sheepdog England minimum 22 (minimum 21) 55+ (same) compact, square body; profuse, shaggy coat loud, distinctive bark
Pembroke Welsh Corgi Wales 10–12 (same) 25–38 (same) low-set body, not as long as Cardigan; docked tail popular with British royalty; smallest herding dog
Puli Hungary 17 (16) 30 (same) medium-sized; long, coarse coat that forms cords named for Puli Hou (“Destroyer Huns”)
Shetland Sheepdog Scotland 13–16 (same) small-sized; long, rough coat, especially abundant on mane and frill traces to the Border Collie; excels in obedience competitions

Some Herding breeds drive the flock by barking, circling, and nipping at the heels, while others simply confront the flock with a silent stare, which also proves effective.

Herding dogs serve other functions. These breeds are excellent guards, used in the military and law enforcement, or for personal protection. Herding dogs are among those with the closest relationship to humans.

Toys

The Toy group is composed of those canines that were bred specifically to be companion animals. They were developed to be small, portable, and good-natured, the sort of dog that ladies of the court could carry with them. These dogs were largely pampered and treasured by aristocracy around the world. Several of these breeds come from ancient lineage. The Pekingese and the Japanese Chin were owned by royalty. No one else was permitted to own one of these breeds. They were carefully bred and nurtured, and until the mid-20th century they were not allowed to be exported out of their countries of origin. In England the cavalier King Charles spaniel, a bred-down version of a sporting spaniel, was the favourite pet of many royal families. Cavaliers, while popular in the United States, are not registered with the AKC, but their close cousins, the English toy spaniels, are. Toy poodles also belong to this group.

Selected breeds of toy dogs
name origin height in inches* dogs (bitches) weight in pounds* dogs (bitches) characteristics comments
*1 inch = 2.54 centimetres; 1 pound = 0.454 kilogram
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel England 12–13 (same) 13–18 (same) moderately long coat with feathering on ears, chest, tail, and legs; large, round eyes most popular toy dog in England
Chihuahua Mexico 5 (same) maximum 6 (same) large, erect ears; coats are either short and smooth or long and soft with fringing smallest recognized dog breed
Chinese Crested China 11–13 (same) 5–10 (same) two coat types: hairless (except for tufts on head, feet, and tail) and powderpuff (long, silky coat) possesses a harefoot that can grasp and hold objects
Maltese Malta 5 (same) 4–7 (same) long, silky, white coat; sturdy build noted for its fearlessness
Papillon France/Belgium 8–11 (same) maximum 11 (same) fine-boned and dainty; long, silky coat named for ears that resemble butterfly wings
Pekingese China 6–9 (same) maximum 14 (same) long, coarse coat with heavy feathering; black-masked face with short muzzle considered sacred in ancient China
Pomeranian Germany 6–7 (same) 3–7 (same) cobby body; abundant double coat; small, erect ears descended from sled dogs of Iceland and Lapland
Pug China 10–11 (same) 14–18 (same) square, cobby body; massive head; tightly curled tail; wrinkled face and neck miniature Mastiff
Shih Tzu Tibet 10 (same) 9–16 (same) sturdy build; long, flowing coat; proud carriage considered a non-sporting dog in Canada
Yorkshire Terrier England 8–9 (same) maximum 7 (same) long, silky coat, parted on the face and from the base of the skull to the end of the tail, hanging straight down each side of the body also called Yorkie; noted for its independent nature

The miniature pinscher resembles the Doberman pinscher but in fact is of quite different legacy. This perky little dog has a particularly distinctive gait, found in no other breed. Its standard calls for a hackney gait, such as that found in carriage horses. Other members of the Toy group are equally individual in their looks and personalities, making this the most diverse group. They make ideal apartment or small-house pets and are found ranging from hairless (the Chinese crested) to the profusely coated Pekingese or Shih tzu. In general, however, Toy breeds are alert and vigorous dogs. They are fine-boned and well-balanced, often considered graceful animals.

Non-Sporting dogs

The Non-Sporting group is a catchall category for those breeds that do not strictly fit into any other group. (Arguments could be made for assigning some of these breeds to other groups. The Dalmatian, for instance, could be a Working dog, as it is in England.) This group includes the appealing bichon frise, the bulldog, the poodles (standard and miniature), and the Chinese shar-pei. All have unique histories, many quite ancient. Other Asian representatives are the Tibetan spaniel and the Tibetan terrier—neither of which are true spaniels or terriers—the chow chow, and the Lhasa apso. Non-Sporting is also the category for the Finnish spitz, the Keeshond, the French bulldog, and the schipperke. All the Non-Sporting breeds are of small to medium build with sturdy and balanced frames, often squarelike. The chow chow, French bulldog, and the Dalmatian are among the more muscular breeds in this group. In general, Non-Sporting dogs are alert and lively.

Selected breeds of nonsporting dogs
*1 inch = 2.54 centimetres; 1 pound = 0.454 kilogram
name origin height in inches* dogs (bitches) weight in pounds* dogs (bitches) characteristics comments
Bichon frise Mediterranean region 9–12 (same) N/A small, sturdy body; white, loosely curled coat that resembles powderpuff; plumed tail depicted in paintings by Francisco de Goya
Boston terrier U.S. 15–17 (same) 15–25 (same) compact body; short tail and head; brindle, seal, or black with white markings one of the few dog breeds that originated in the U.S.
Bulldog England 13–15 (same) 50 (40) medium-sized; low-slung body; large head with protruding lower jaw originally bred to fight bulls
Chinese shar-pei China 18–20 (same) 45–60 (same) medium-sized; loose skin and wrinkles covering head, neck, and body; broad muzzle dates to about 200 BC; originally a fighting dog
Chow chow China 17–20 (same) 45–70 (same) powerful, square body; large head; blue-black tongue one of the oldest recognized dog breeds; rough- and smooth-coat varieties
Dalmatian Croatia 19–23 (same) 50–55 (same) white with black or liver-brown spots; strong, muscular build puppies are born solid white and develop spots as they age
Keeshond The Netherlands 18 (17) 55–66 (same) stand-off coat, thick around neck; plumed tail curled on back; small, pointed ears national dog of Holland; named for 18th-century Dutch patriot
Lhasa apso Tibet 10–11 (slightly smaller) 13–15 (same) small-sized; heavy, straight coat that extends over eyes; well-feathered tail carried on back token of good luck in ancient China
Poodle (standard) possibly Germany minimum 15 (same) 45–70 (same) small, square body; dense, curly coat often clipped in a variety of patterns national dog of France; also toy and miniature varieties
Schipperke Belgium 11–13 (10–12) maximum 18 (same) cobby body; docked tail; black coat; foxlike face considered one of the best house dogs

There is no comparable classification in Britain, although all these breeds, except for the Boston terrier, are found in other groups. The Boston terrier (not a true terrier although it once contained terrier blood) is one of the few native American dogs. (The others are the Alaskan Malamute, the beagle, the American foxhound, the Chesapeake Bay retriever, and the American cocker spaniel, all found in other groups.)

Breed standards

Purebred dogs are distinguished from mixed-breed animals because their genetic structure allows them to reproduce themselves generation after generation. Every breed that is registered with a national registry, such as the American Kennel Club or the Kennel Club of England, must have a “standard” for that breed. The standard is the blueprint by which a breed is evaluated. It describes the characteristics that make a particular breed unique. Standards were developed by fanciers who wanted to perpetuate a particular line or strain and who formed associations to foster certain breeds. It is the goal of most purebred-dog fanciers to breed dogs that best represent the ideal qualities for the breed as described by the standard. Standards outline requirements for physical traits and behavioral or “personality” traits.