common starling
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
- New Zealand Birds Online - Common starling
- National Audubon Society - European Starling
- Oiseaux-Birds - Common Starling
- Animalia - Common Starling
- The Cornell Lab of Ornithology - All About Birds - European Starling
- Animal Diversity Web - Common starling
- National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Common Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) increasingly select for grazed areas with increasing distance-to-nest
- Also called:
- European starling
common starling, (Sturnus vulgaris), species of bird in the starling family, Sturnidae, and the order Passeriformes native to Europe and parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa. Common, or European, starlings were intentionally introduced to a wide range of other regions during the 19th and 20th centuries, likely for insect control and to contribute to the aesthetics of local landscapes. Beyond their native range, they became almost globally established during the 20th century and are now widely considered to be an invasive species. Thriving populations exist across North America and in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina.
According to popular myth, common starlings were first introduced to North America in 1890 by bird enthusiast Eugene Schieffelin. Allegedly, he imported 60 starlings from Europe that he released into New York City’s Central Park, as part of an effort to populate the park with birds mentioned in the plays of English poet and dramatist William Shakespeare. Some sources note that Schieffelin also released an additional 40 birds in 1891. It is often said that the nearly 200 million starlings that now inhabit North America descended from this original release of birds, though it may have taken multiple releases for the starlings to become fully established. Reports of other starling introductions occurring in New York, in the Midwest, and on the West Coast, however, date to 1872, and there is much debate over whether Schieffelin was a fan of the bard.
Natural history
The common starling is a sturdy bird about 21.5 cm (about 8.5 inches) in length. Its plumage is primarily black, with an iridescent sheen that colours the feathers purple and green in certain lights. After moulting in the late summer and fall, it takes on a brown and white speckled appearance. Common starlings sport short tails and long, narrow beaks; during breeding season, male and female starlings can be differentiated by the colour of the lower mandible, which appears tinted either blue or pink, respectively. The starling’s short and pointed wings resemble a star when spread in flight, a likeness which is thought to have earned them their name.
Common starlings are omnivorous and consume a variety of insects, bird eggs, fruit, and seeds. Their strong and sharp beaks allow them to forage in the ground and access food that may be protected by a shell or tough skin. Young starlings may fall prey to raccoons, owls, domestic cats, and rats. Adult starlings may be caught in flight by falcons and other birds of prey.
During their breeding season, which occurs once per year in late spring and early summer, common starlings nest in natural cavities or cavities made by human activities, such as holes in trees or buildings. Female starlings typically lay four to six eggs in a clutch, and the eggs hatch roughly 12 days later. (Some pairs may produce two clutches of eggs during a breeding season.) Young starlings are capable of flight when they are three weeks old and most become fully independent a few weeks later. Both males and females become sexually mature at one year old.
Common starlings are social birds; they nest in colonies. Those that live above latitude 40° N tend to migrate south in autumn. Common starlings travel in large flocks of thousands of birds, called murmurations. These murmurations of birds appear to swoop and twist in the sky in unified motions that evoke a school of fish. As the name suggests, murmurations are known to be noisy. Starlings have a wide repertoire of song—they chirp, screech, whistle, squawk, and even mimic the songs of other birds. Often, murmurations will roost in treetops.
Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ranks the common starling as a species of least concern. Starlings are highly adaptable to different food sources and nesting sites, allowing them to establish large, successful invasive populations in a range of locations. Hundreds of millions of common starlings make up the global population. Their aggressive behaviour and abundance has displaced native birds, particularly those that also nest in cavities, such as bluebirds and some species of woodpecker. Because starlings threaten the regions in which they are invasive, there are global eradication efforts underway. For example, the U.S. Department of Agriculture killed more than one million common starlings in 2021.
The Global Invasive Species Database has placed the bird on its list of “100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species.” Common starlings are considered pests by farmers, biologists, and the general public alike for their tendency to gather in large noisy groups. They are also reviled for their reputation for destroying crops and carrying diseases. It has been estimated that starlings cause $800 million in global agricultural damage each year. Much of the damage comes from the birds pecking on fruits such as strawberries, apples, blueberries, and peaches. Starlings are known to consume food rations meant for livestock; they also transmit diseases, primarily to livestock and sometimes to humans as well. Additionally, flocks of starlings pose a risk to air travel, since birds may get pulled into an aircraft’s engines. Starlings also contribute to the degradation of urban and agricultural infrastructures because of the corrosive quality of their excrement.