seven heavenly virtues

seven heavenly virtues, in Roman Catholic theology, the seven virtues that serve to counter the seven deadly sins. Formally enumerated by Pope Gregory I (the Great) in the 6th century and elaborated in the 13th century by St. Thomas Aquinas, they are (1) humility, (2) charity, (3) chastity, (4) gratitude, (5) temperance, (6) patience, and (7) diligence. Each of these can be used to overcome the corresponding sins of (1) vainglory, or pride, (2) greed, or covetousness, (3) lust, or inordinate or illicit sexual desire, (4) envy, (5) gluttony, which is usually understood to include drunkenness, (6) wrath, or anger, and (7) sloth. The seven heavenly virtues are similar but distinct from the seven virtues (comprising four cardinal virtues and three theological virtues) that are considered to be fundamental to Christian ethics.

One of the first iterations of the seven heavenly virtues was offered by the 5th-century writer Prudentius in his poem Psychomachia (“The Contest of the Soul”). His seven—chastity, faith, good works, concord, sobriety, patience, and humility—were intended to be the opposite of the seven deadly sins of the time, which were lust, idolatry, greed, discord, indulgence, wrath, and pride. In 590 ce, Pope Gregory I rewrote the list of sins, changing them to lust, gluttony, greed, sloth, envy, wrath, and pride; the revised virtues became chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, kindness, patience, and humility. These virtues are said to point a Christian toward God and away from a disposition to sin. The cultivation of the seven heavenly virtues is expected to result in good works, such as sheltering strangers, feeding the hungry, visiting the sick, ministering to the imprisoned, and burying the dead.