news aggregator

news aggregator, online platform or software device that collects news stories and other information as that information is published and organizes the information in a specific manner. This is accomplished in several ways. Some aggregators are curated by people to whom certain types of information is of particular import and others use HTML (hypertext mark-up language) coding on the websites of news-gathering organizations to create RSS (really simple syndication) feeds and other public notifications of instant updates to news content regarding a specific subject.

News aggregation is based on the concept of content syndication, where content created by one or more news-gathering organizations is distributed through a different organization. Historically, syndication involved republication of news content by newspapers in different locations. These newspapers paid the initial publishing source (often a metropolitan daily) for the limited right to reprint the stories. The nature of syndication has changed as technological advances allow far more information to travel much greater distances. Online journalism allows for more and different types of syndication, particularly the syndication of headlines and breaking news scoops. Most news aggregators are web based: they deliver RSS feeds and other content using web browsers. Major search engines provide their own news-aggregating platforms, many of which send news feeds directly to the user as a daily e-mail digest. However, other aggregators use stand-alone software that connects to the internet to deliver RSS feeds and other content.

Syndication and the evolution of aggregators

While web-based news aggregators are a relatively recent phenomenon, they have their roots in news agency reports carried in local newspapers, which attempted to provide a local angle on stories for their readership. This practice developed into the familiar newspaper sections still in use today, such as the front page, editorial page, international section, and sports section. In the late twentieth century, most major metropolitan daily newspapers began to publish zoned editions, which carried the main sections of the newspaper plus an added section (or sections) of news specific to a subregion within the metropolitan area. While this practice of audience segmentation was common in newspapers, it was less common in local broadcast journalism as there was no ready way to focus stories for only part of a region. Before the rise of online journalism and news gathering beginning in the 1990s, feature syndication had become a widely accepted news practice. Importantly, however, it was still practiced under the control of traditional news editors.

When newspapers began publishing on the internet, they extended these practices into the online space: sections of printed newspapers usually became separate sections within the overall websites. Since online versions of newspapers required no printing and distribution costs, the number of local editions could be expanded, increasing geographic customization and demographic personalization. Stories could be expanded and more photos and video provided. The rise of independent intermediate websites that collect and republish headlines and hyperlinks began to erode the impact of traditional news editors. The social and political effects of a 24-hour news cycle in journalism (begun with cable news services and greatly expanded online) began to create expectations that print and broadcast news editors should provide near-constant updates and headlines.

RSS is the standardized software protocol that news websites use to publish updated headlines onto the World Wide Web through publication of data and metadata tags on their websites. The news-gathering organization, intermediate websites, and end users all engage in the same process of acting as news aggregators, and increasingly the distinctions between them are disappearing.

Using these RSS feeds, intermediate sites collect new information, and end users can select and compile information based on their particular needs and interests. This developing feature of journalism allows for very personalized editorial control and has changed how individual audience members interact with the news. The upsides to the growing use of news aggregators include the increased relevance of selected news to the end user, faster access to breaking news, advertising that is more targeted, and an increased personal agency for an audience that had been passive. Among the downsides to the growing use of news aggregators are the increased pressure on journalists for speed, the erosion of the distinction between news gathering and republication, intrusive advertising, and lack of any professional editorial role.

Media theory

Media theorists and technology pundits have made many predictions regarding the effects of online publication of newspapers and the rise of news aggregators. The balance of increased personal agency and decreased professional editorialism were popular topics of spedculation and research even before the technologies had been fully developed. As early as the 1960s, Marshall McLuhan had predicted an anarchic computer web and expected that some form of personal organization would be necessary. In the mid-1990s, Nicholas Negroponte coined the term “the Daily Me” to describe the interface with which end users would receive, customize, and manipulate information. Negroponte envisioned a prototype “digital newspaper,” either in the form of an on-screen interface or a portable device, that would receive information constantly and arrange it in a personalized format. Open-source movements have actively lobbied to keep standards open and to mitigate the effects of corporate ownership of media. These advocates have pushed for open web standards like XML and the Atom Syndication Format for the publication of news feeds, as well as free open-source software for stand-alone news aggregators. In theory, these open-source aggregators allow for both commercial content and advertising while preserving the prerogative of intermediate websites and end users to copy and republish RSS feeds. More recently, media theorists such as Henry Jenkins and Cass Sunstein stressed the complex interactions between existing corporate structures of news gathering, evolving technologies for cataloging and moving information, and an active audience that self-organizes around emerging dynamic demographics or specific points of view.

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Probably the most notable feature of the effect of online news aggregators on journalism is that of homophily. Homophily, literally "love of sameness," is a sociological theory that similar individuals will move toward each other and act in a similar manner. Coined in 1954 by social scientists Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton, the idea of homophily has been expanded by evolving media technologies, enabling demographically or politically similar individuals to seek out news sources that agree with their preconceived views. But homophily also describes the likelihood that users will thus exclude news sources that challenge or disagree with those preexisting views. News aggregators can create hyper homophily by allowing an end user to maximize exposure to agreeable news while minimizing exposure to new and conflicting information and create an "echo-chamber effect" of personal information feedback.

Multimedia aggregation

In the same manner that text and image content has been published using news aggregators, multimedia content and full-motion video are also published and distributed using news aggregators. The majority of video and multimedia aggregators are stand-alone software, such as iTunes. Web-based multimedia aggregators, such as YouTube, are limited by the architecture of web browsers. Digital television hardware, such as TiVo and DirecTV, can also function as content aggregators, digitally recording content as it is broadcast and cataloging it for later viewing.