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cryptology
Table of Contents
References & Edit History Related Topics
Images & Videos
Vigenère table letter frequency analysis of a Vigenère cipher ADFGVX cipher U.S. Army cipher disk Enigma Hagelin M-209 cipher machine
Learn about William Friedman, who sought to prove that Sir Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays
Purple cipher machine Jade cipher machine DES flow diagram
Quizzes
A botanical illustration from the Voynich manuscript, a codex, scientific or magical text in an unidentified language, in cipher; end of the 15th or during the 16th century (?).
Codes, Secrets, and Ciphers Quiz
Related Questions
Read Next
Navajo Code Talkers Infographic. World War II. United States. Japan.
Navajo Code Talkers Infographic
Discover
Plato (left) and Aristotle, detail from School of Athens, fresco by Raphael, 1508-11; in the Stanza della Segnatura, the Vatican. Plato points to the heavens and the realm of Forms, Aristotle to the earth and the realm of things.
Plato and Aristotle: How Do They Differ?
New York NY/ USA- November 23, 2018 Hordes of shoppers throng the Macy's Herald Square flagship store in New York looking for bargains on the day after Thanksgiving, Black Friday.
Why Is It Called Black Friday?
Woman tied to a ducking stool, a method of punishment by means of humiliation, beating, or death. (cucking stool)
8 Unusual Punishments Inflicted on Women Throughout History
Santa Claus flying in his sleigh, christmas, reindeer
Was Santa Claus a Real Person?
Baseball laying in the grass. Homepage blog 2010, arts and entertainment, history and society, sports and games athletics
10 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time
Thanksgiving Turkey with all the sides
Why Do We Eat Turkey on Thanksgiving?
Diverse elementary school children wearing school uniforms running outside of school. Boys girls
Pro and Con: School Uniforms

cryptology: Media

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Videos

Learn about William Friedman, who sought to prove that Sir Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays
An introduction to William F. Friedman, the breaker of the Japanese Purple code in...
Video: Courtesy of Folger Shakespeare Library; CC-BY-SA 4.0 (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

Images

Vigenère table
In encrypting plaintext, the cipher letter is found at the intersection of the column...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
letter frequency analysis of a Vigenère cipher
The text of this article was encrypted with a repeated-key Vigenère cipher—the key...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
ADFGVX cipher
The ADFGVX cipher, employed by the German army in World War I.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
U.S. Army cipher disk
United States Army cipher diskUsed...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
Enigma
Enigma cipher machine of World War IIThe...
Hagelin M-209 cipher machine
Hagelin design M-209 U.S. cipher machine used for tactical communications during...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Purple cipher machine
Japanese Purple cipher machine of World War...
Jade cipher machine
Japanese Jade cipher machine of World War...
DES flow diagram

Flow diagram for the 16-step Data Encryption Standard (DES) operation.

From Data Encryption Standard, FIPS Publ. no. 46, National Bureau of Standards, 1977
VIEW MORE in these related Britannica articles: