anti-Semitism: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
Assorted References
counterefforts of
- Bloch
- Bonhoeffer
- Germany
- In Germany
- Herzl
- Josel of Rosheim
effect on
- Israel
- Jewish fundamentalism
- modern Judaism
expression and movements
Austria
- Schönerer
France
- Dreyfus Affair
Germany
- Bauer
- Berlin
- Crusades
- Hitler
- Nazi program
- Nazism
- Stoecker
- Third Reich
- use of Aryan myth
- Wagner
Spain
- Black Hundreds
- blood libel
- In blood libel
- Bulgaria
- Chamberlain
- Christian Identity
- evolution of the concept of race
- Farrakhan
- fascism
- Hungary
- Italy
- juvenile delinquents
- Ottoman Empire
- pogroms
- In pogrom
- Portugal
- Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
- reaction to October 7 attack and Israel-Hamas War of 2023
- Roman Catholic history
- Romania
- Second Industrial Revolution
- Ukraine
- U.S.S.R.
portrayal in
- Hebrew literature
Additional Reading
General historical overviews of anti-Semitism include Léon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, 4 vol. (1965–85; originally published in French, 1955–68); and Robert S. Wistrich, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (1991; reissued 1994). Rosemary Ruether, Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism (1974, reissued 1997), is an important study of Christian anti-Semitism. Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relation to Modern Anti-Semitism (1943, reprinted 1983), is a seminal study of medieval anti-Semitism. Robert Chazan, Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism (1997); and Gavin Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (1990), are other important studies of medieval anti-Semitism. Good introductions to anti-Semitism during the Reformation are Mark U. Edwards, Luther’s Last Battles: Politics and Polemics, 1531–46 (1983); and R. Po-Chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany (1988). Arthur Hertzberg, The French Enlightenment and the Jews (1968, reissued 1990), explores the anti-Semitic dimensions of Enlightenment thought. For interesting and often conflicting portraits of Nazi anti-Semitism, see John Weiss, The Ideology of Death: Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany (1996); and Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996).
Researcher's Note
hyphenation of the word anti-Semitism
Some scholars and activists advocate the term anti-Semitism be de-hyphenated, spelling it instead as antisemitism. Advocates for the hyphen’s removal argue that the change may help dispel pseudoscientific notions of a "Semitic race" and belief in the existence of a derivative “Semitism.”
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Added cross-reference. | Sep 25, 2024 | ||
| Link added. | Jul 09, 2024 | ||
| Modified link of Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial. | May 07, 2024 | ||
| Added cross-reference to Yad Vashem. | Jan 19, 2024 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 05, 2023 | ||
| Updated the discussion of anti-Semitism in the 21st century. | Nov 10, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Southern Poverty Law Center - Antisemitism. | Aug 21, 2022 | ||
| Added Researcher's Note and deleted discussion of “Semites,” an obsolete racial category. | May 11, 2022 | ||
| Removed misleading sentence. | Feb 04, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: English Heritage - History and Stories - The Massacre at Clifford's Tower. | Apr 21, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: English Heritage - History and Stories - The Massacre at Clifford's Tower. | Apr 21, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC - Readmission of Jews to Britain in 1656. | Apr 06, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC - Readmission of Jews to Britain in 1656. | Apr 06, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Our Migration Story - Blood Libels, Castration and Christian Fears: Opposition to Jewish Citizenship. | Apr 01, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Our Migration Story - Blood Libels, Castration and Christian Fears: Opposition to Jewish Citizenship. | Apr 01, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Our Migration Story - Jewish Immigration and the Aliens Act. | Mar 17, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - United Kingdom Virtual Jewish History Tour. | Mar 17, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - United Kingdom Virtual Jewish History Tour. | Mar 17, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: Our Migration Story - Jewish Immigration and the Aliens Act. | Mar 17, 2020 | ||
| Cross-references added. | Jan 13, 2020 | ||
| Expanded the description of the racial dimension of Nazi anti-Semitism and qualified the 5.7 million total of Jews who were exterminated. | Sep 13, 2018 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jul 06, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: Anti-Defamation League - What is Anti-Semitism? | Dec 18, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: British Library - Anti-Semitism. | May 03, 2017 | ||
| Anti-Semitism since the Holocaust and outside Europe section revised and updated. | Jun 10, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial. | Jun 22, 2011 | ||
| Added new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - Anti-Semitism. | Sep 25, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Spartacus Educational - Anti-Semitism. | Jul 29, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Mar 06, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. | Aug 04, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. | Aug 04, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Jun 24, 2004 | ||
| Article revised. | Apr 05, 2002 | ||
| Article revised. | Jan 12, 2001 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 16, 1999 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |