Concepts of human being and society
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- Columbia University - Asia for Educators - Defining "Daoism": A Complex History
- Minnesota Library Publishing Project - World Religions: the Spirit Searching - Daoism
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Laozi
- Khan Academy - Daoism
- OpenStax - Introduction to Philosophy - Daoism
- Western Kentucky University - TopSCHOLAR - The Creation of Daoism
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Daoist Philosophy
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Daoism and Daoist Art
- National Geographic - Taoism
- Asia Society - Daoism
- Humanities LibreTexts - Daoism
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Taoism
- World History Encyclopedia - Taoism
- Pinyin romanization:
- Daoism
- Key People:
- Zhuang Zhou
- Laozi
- Liezi
- Zhao Youqin
- Kou Qianzhi
- On the Web:
- Columbia University - Asia for Educators - Defining "Daoism": A Complex History (Oct. 28, 2024)
Wuwei
The power acquired by the Taoist is de, the efficacy of the Tao in the human experience, which is translated as “virtue.” Laozi viewed it, however, as different from Confucian virtue:
Persons of superior virtue are not virtuous, and that is why they have virtue. Persons of inferior [Confucian] virtue never stray from virtue, and that is why they have no virtue.
The “superior virtue” of Taoism is a latent power that never lays claim to its achievements; it is the “mysterious power” (xuande) of Tao present in the heart of the sage—“persons of superior virtue never act (wuwei), and yet there is nothing they leave undone.”
Wuwei is neither an ideal of absolute inaction nor a mere “not-overdoing.” It is actions so well in accordance with things that their authors leave no traces of themselves in their work: “Perfect activity leaves no track behind it; perfect speech is like a jade worker whose tool leaves no mark.” It is the Tao that “never acts, yet there is nothing it does not do.” There is no true achievement without wuwei because every deliberate intervention in the natural course of things will sooner or later turn into the opposite of what was intended and will result in failure.
Those sages who practice wuwei live out of their original nature before it was tampered with by knowledge and restricted by morality; they have reverted to infancy (that is, the undiminished vitality of the newborn state); they have “returned to the state of the Uncarved Block (pu).” Pu is uncut and unpainted wood, simplicity. Society carves this wood into specific shapes for its own use and thus robs the individual piece of its original totality. “Once the uncarved block is carved, it forms utensils (that is, instruments of government); but when the Sages use it, they would be fit to become Chiefs of all Ministers. This is why the great craftsman (ruler) does not carve (rule).”
