Storegga slides

Storegga slides, series of submarine landslides in the Norwegian Sea that occurred between approximately 8,400 and 2,200 years ago. The combined activities of these landslides produced a scar on the seafloor that begins some 100 km (60 miles) off Norway’s More Coast on the edge of Europe’s continental shelf and extends some 1,600 km (1,000 miles) into the abyssal plain of the Norwegian Sea. Geologists regard the scar, which was identified in 1983, as the largest area of slope failure in the world. Some scientists contend that one or more tsunamis associated with the Storegga slides washed away the land bridge connecting the island of Great Britain with continental Europe. Storegga is the Old Norse word meaning “great edge.”

The scar caused by the slides spans an area of approximately 95,000 square km (about 36,700 square miles) and contains 2,400–3,500 cubic km (576–840 cubic miles) of sediment. Most geologists maintain that nearly the entire volume of the scar was the result of a landslide that took place approximately 8,400–7,800 years ago. The timing of this event coincides with a catastrophic tsunami that affected several coastal areas bordering the Norwegian and North seas. Two relatively minor landslides, which occurred between about 5,700 and 2,200 years ago, followed this event. Other geologists argue that the scar is the result of at least three moderate-sized tsunami-producing landslides that occurred between 50,000 and 6,000 years ago.

Sand deposits attributed to the tsunamis triggered by one or more of the Storegga slides occur in the Shetland Isles, the Orkney Islands, the coast of eastern Scotland, and parts of England’s northwestern coast. Some deposits extend up to 80 km (about 50 miles) inland and 6 metres (20 feet) above current normal tide levels. (The sea level at the time was 14 metres [46 feet] lower than at the present day.) Traces of tsunami-delivered sediment also occur in Iceland, Norway, and the Faroe Islands. Some models of the Storegga slides estimate that tsunami waves exceeded 20–25 metres (65–80 feet) in height along the coast of the Shetland Islands, 10–12 metres (33–39 feet) along the Norwegian coast, and 5 metres (16 feet) along the coast of eastern Scotland.

Although there are a number of hypotheses concerning the cause of the shelf’s collapse, most scientists believe that a series of undersea earthquakes weakened the headwall (the steep, rising slope) of the continental shelf. Other scientists contend that the rapid release of methane gas trapped as gas hydrates in seafloor sediments deposited after the most recent ice age may have triggered the landslide outright or contributed to the destabilization of the headwall. Some studies note that parts of the edge of the continental shelf in the region bordering the scar are not stable, and companies involved in petroleum and gas exploration continue to exercise great care in order to prevent another slide.

Between 9,000 and 7,000 years ago, rising sea levels began to separate Great Britain from the landmass of continental Europe by inundating parts of the Dogger Land Bridge, which linked Great Britain with Denmark and the Netherlands and spanned what would become the southern part of the North Sea. This region, which is colloquially referred to as “Doggerland,” was inhabited at the time by humans, who slowly abandoned the area as sea levels rose. Some scientists contend that the tsunami caused by the landslide that occurred 8,400–7,800 years ago washed away the remaining land connections between Great Britain and the continent, leaving a small shoal known as the Dogger Bank just below the surface of the North Sea.