Solovetsky Island
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Solovetsky Island, prison island located in Siberian Russia, part of a system of prisons and labour camps that came to be known as the Gulag Archipelago through the writings of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who spent eight years as a political prisoner of the Soviet regime.
The name Solovetsky refers both to the largest island in the archipelago as well as to the archipelago itself. Lying about 700 miles north of Moscow in the White Sea, 100 miles from the Arctic Circle, the islands are remote, frozen, and inhospitable most of the year. The Russian Orthodox Solovetsky monastery was established on Solovetsky Island in the 15th century and for about 500 years was one of the most influential religious centres in Russia. In the 18th and 19th centuries, monks developed the island as a centre of industry and trade.
The island was designated a labour camp in 1917, and the new Russian government took control of the monastery in 1923, the monks being relocated, imprisoned, or executed. Most of the prisoners in the camp—including men, women, and children—were held for political crimes. The facility was known as the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, or SLON, the (transliterated) acronym of its Russian name. The word gulag is an acronym of the Russian name for the agency that ran the prison system.
Prior to the 1930s, camp inmates worked on a variety of projects, including archaeological, botanical, and meteorological research that resulted in the publication of more than 30 scientific studies. They were also allowed to participate in theatre groups and to practice religion. Nonetheless, conditions in the camp could be brutal. Between 30,000 and 40,000 prisoners died between 1923 and 1939, their deaths resulting from disease, starvation, harsh treatment, and, in some cases, execution.
Reports of the punishments exacted on inmates did reach Moscow, but little action was taken to improve conditions or the treatment of prisoners. The camp was closed when Russia entered World War II.
Before publication of The Gulag Archipelago in 1973, the most complete and accurate information available to the world about conditions in the Solovetsky labour camp was Un Bagne en Russie rouge (A Prison in Red Russia), written by Raymond Duguet and published in 1927. The current island population includes retired military officers and former camp personnel, and the former camp itself is now a tourist attraction.