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history of Mongolia

In Mongolia: Revival of Buddhism
…in 1640 with the title Javzandamba khutagt and proclaimed Öndör Geegen (“High Enlightened One”) or Bogd Geegen (“Holy Enlightened One”). The significance of this is underlined by the fact that, as soon as the Manchu controlled Mongolia, they ruled that no man of the lineage of Genghis Khan could be…
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In Mongolia: Mongolia from 1900 to 1990
…Urga (now Ulaanbaatar) with the Javzandamba khutagt (Mongolia’s spiritual leader) for nearly two years. The agreement signed between Britain and Tibet in 1904 presented Tibet as an independent state and made no reference to Qing rule, although the Manchu amban (governor) was present at the signing. However, in 1907 the…
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In Mongolia: Independence and revolution
… was ordered to leave, the Javzandamba was proclaimed the Bogd Khan (“Holy King”), and he declared the independence of Mongolia—Inner Mongolia and Tannu Tuva (Tyva), as well as Outer Mongolia. Also at that time, the Bogd Khan’s capital, Ikh Khüree (“Great Monastery”), was renamed Niislel Khüree (“Capital Monastery”). The Qing…
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In Mongolia: Constitutional change
A new Javzandamba, the ninth incarnation (khutagt), born in Tibet, had been recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama in 1992 while both were living in India. For several years Mongolian Buddhists requested permission for the “ninth Bogd” to visit Mongolia, and he did so—unexpectedly—in July 1999. Welcomed…
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