Heritage Foundation

Heritage Foundation, American conservative public policy research organization, or think tank, based in Washington, D.C. Its mission is “to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense.” Founded in 1973 by two Congressional aides, Edwin Feulner and Paul Weyrich, it provides research and policy recommendations to presidential administrations, Congress, news media, and academic communities. The foundation flourished in the 1980s during the presidency of Republican Ronald Reagan, who used its handbook, Mandate for Leadership: Principles to Limit Government, Expand Freedom, and Strengthen America (1981), as a source of guidance for his administration.

The Mandate for Leadership of the Reagan era became the first in a long series of regularly published handbooks by the Heritage Foundation, most of which recommended government policies and political strategies to incoming conservative administrations. In 2023 the foundation released Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise 2025, which contained numerous policy and legislative proposals as well as recommendations aimed at restructuring the federal government’s executive branch. The 2025 Mandate for Leadership serves as the central document of Project 2025, a detailed and wide-ranging plan of action for the next administration, should a conservative candidate win the presidential election of 2024. Project 2025 also encompasses a database of ideologically vetted candidates for political appointment to executive branch positions and a training program to enable potential appointees to operate successfully from the start of the conservative administration.

Critics of Project 2025 have argued that the policy and structural changes called for in its Mandate for Leadership would create an authoritarian and Christian nationalist state by massively expanding presidential power and aggressively promoting conservative Christian values. In 2023, as former president Donald Trump campaigned for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination, the Project came to be regarded as the likely blueprint of a second Trump administration. Meanwhile, supporters of Pres. Joe Biden, then the expected nominee of the Democratic Party, publicized some of the Project’s more extreme proposals, presenting them as an alarming foretaste of the country’s possible future under Trump. (The cited recommendations included reversing the federal government’s longstanding approval of abortion pills, eliminating the Department of Education, and placing the Department of Justice under direct presidential control.) Fearing a loss of support among moderate and independent voters, Trump’s campaign sought to distance itself from the Project, and Trump himself eventually disavowed it, falsely claiming that he knew nothing about Project 2025 or the people involved in its creation. In fact, many of the Project’s recommendations reflect policies that Trump pursued as president or statements and promises he has made during his 2024 campaign, and many of the Project’s contributors, organizers, and promoters are Trump supporters or former Trump administration officials.