American Legislative Exchange Council

American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), American nonprofit organization whose members draft and promulgate model state legislation and legislative policies designed to advance corporate interests and to promote conservative positions on a range of political, economic, and social issues. The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) was established in Chicago in 1973 as the Conservative Caucus of State Legislators; its founders included the conservative activists Henry Hyde, who later served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1975–2007), and Paul Weyrich, a cofounder of the conservative think tank the Heritage Foundation. Members of ALEC include corporations, foundations, think tanks, trade associations, and other private-sector organizations as well as corporate lobbyists and current and former state legislators, governors, members of Congress, and other political leaders. According to ALEC, nearly one-quarter of all current state legislators are members of the organization. Although ALEC characterizes itself as nonpartisan, the vast majority of its individual members are Republicans. In ALEC’s words, the organization is “dedicated to the principles of limited government, free markets and federalism.” ALEC receives nearly all of its funding from annual dues and other payments by its corporate and other organizational members. ALEC’s headquarters are located in Arlington, Virginia.

Some critics of ALEC have argued that its self-portrayal and legal status as a nonprofit public charity—a 501(c)(3) organization—are deceptive, because it effectively functions as a forum for corporate lobbying of legislators from all 50 states and as an institutional mechanism for introducing and enacting nearly identical corporate-sponsored or corporate-drafted bills in multiple state legislatures across the country. Corporate members of ALEC also advise their legislative colleagues on strategies for securing passage of the bills they introduce and for defeating bills that corporate members oppose.

ALEC’s executive leadership is drawn from current and former state legislative members. The organization is headed by a chairman, whose office is rotated annually, a board of directors, and a chief executive officer and senior staff who manage the organization’s day-to-day operations. The national leadership is assisted by a Private Enterprise Advisory Council, consisting of leaders of large and influential corporations, and a Board of Scholars, including the economist Arthur Laffer, who in the 1970s and ’80s popularized the theory that reducing marginal tax rates for the wealthy and corporations can lead to greater government revenue.

ALEC’s legislative drafting operations are based in a set of issue-specific “task forces” consisting of state legislators and corporate representatives and headed jointly by a single individual from each group. Each task force produces model legislation for approval by ALEC’s board of directors, and, once approved, the models become available to state lawmakers to copy or adapt for introduction in their own legislatures. (Such model-based legislation, however, is rarely presented as such by the lawmakers who introduce it.) The number of task forces and the issues addressed by them have varied with the national political landscape and the priorities of ALEC’s corporate and legislative members. In the early 2020s there were 11 task forces. They included, among others, civil justice; commerce, insurance, and economic development; communications and technology; criminal justice; education and workforce development; energy, environment, and agriculture; health and human services; and tax and fiscal policy. Between 2010 and 2018 model legislation drafted by ALEC’s task forces was introduced in state legislatures approximately 2,900 times; more than 600 such bills were enacted into law.

In its early years ALEC focused on social issues, seeking to oppose liberal initiatives on abortion access, passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, school busing and racial integration, and gay rights. In the early 1980s ALEC joined a national coalition for tort reform, drawing financial support from private insurers for its efforts in several states to establish upper limits on the damages that could be awarded in civil suits and to restrict the types of harm for which damages could be awarded, among other changes. During the 1980s ALEC also worked with the tobacco industry to oppose increased state regulation of tobacco sales and restrictions on smoking in public spaces. Largely because its potential corporate clients were not interested in social issues that did not affect their profitability, ALEC gradually shifted its emphasis in the 1980s and ’90s to state legislation related to business regulation and criminal justice. Beginning in the 2000s, ALEC’s criminal justice task force concentrated on anti-gun-control legislation, strict voter-ID laws, and laws limiting immigrants’ access to social services. Other model legislation included measures designed to undermine the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010), the national health insurance reform measure signed into law by Democratic Pres. Barack Obama, to weaken labour unions, to limit consumer protections, to encourage the privatization of public schools, to supplement voter-ID laws with further limits on voting rights, to block the development of renewable energy sources, to prevent state-imposed restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, to prohibit public financing of election campaigns, to prevent the forced disclosure of “dark money” donors to political candidates, to privatize prisons and increase prison populations, to prohibit public funding of telecommunications and Internet services, and to prevent social media companies from blocking users who disseminate known disinformation or advocate violence.

Until the early 2010s ALEC’s role as a source and effective distributor of conservative state legislation was largely unknown to the public, mostly because ALEC-affiliated lawmakers generally did not disclose the origins of the bills they introduced (though some did so inadvertently by neglecting to remove standardized references to ALEC from the bills’ text) and because ALEC itself did not publicize its activities, its model legislation, or its membership. In 2012 the shooting death of Trayvon Martin, an unarmed African American teenager, in Sanford, Florida, drew national attention to Florida’s “stand-your-ground” law, which initially prevented the arrest of Martin’s killer; the law permitted people to use deadly force in self-defense if they reasonably believed their lives to be in danger. Liberal advocacy groups soon identified ALEC’s role in promulgating Florida’s law in other states, and they mounted a successful campaign aimed at pressuring prominent corporate members of ALEC to withdraw from the organization and at exposing ALEC’s clandestine promotion of corporate interests. ALEC eventually lost scores of private-sector sponsors as a result of the controversy, and it was subsequently the target of critical investigations by major media outlets, including The New York Times, as well as by liberal and progressive advocacy groups.