cobalt processing
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- materials processing
- cobalt
cobalt processing, preparation of the metal for use in various products.
Below 417 °C (783 °F), cobalt (Co) has a stable hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. At higher temperatures up to the melting point of 1,495 °C (2,723 °F), the stable form is face-centred cubic. The metal has 12 radioactive isotopes, none of which occurs naturally. The best-known is cobalt-60, which has a half-life of 5.3 years and is used in medicine and industry.
Of the three common ferromagnetic metals (iron, nickel, and cobalt), cobalt has the highest Curie point (that is, the temperature above which its magnetic properties are weakened). It is unique in that, added in moderate amounts to iron, it raises that metal’s saturation magnetization (the limit to which its magnetic properties can be raised). Magnetic alloys form the most important use of cobalt.
The second most important cobalt outlet is in the making of high-temperature alloys, in which it improves the high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance of alloys based on more common metals, especially nickel and chromium.
History
Ores containing cobalt have been used since antiquity as pigments to impart a blue colour to porcelain and glass. It was not until 1742, however, that a Swedish chemist, Georg Brandt, showed that the blue colour was due to a previously unidentified metal, cobalt.
In 1874 the output of cobalt from European deposits was surpassed by production in New Caledonia, and Canadian ores assumed the leadership about 1905. Congo (Kinshasa) has been a dominant world producer since 1920. In the early 21st century, China was the leading producer of refined cobalt, most of which originated in Congo (Kinshasa). Other important producers included Russia, Australia, and the Philippines.
Prior to World War I most of the world’s production of cobalt was consumed in the ceramic and glass industries. The cobalt, in the form of cobalt oxide, served as a colouring agent. Since that time, increasing amounts have been used in magnetic and high-temperature alloys and in other metallurgical applications; about 80 percent of the output is now employed in the metallic state.
Ores
Nearly all cobalt is found associated with ores of copper, nickel, or copper-nickel.
In the copper-cobalt ore bodies of central Africa and Russia, cobalt occurs as sulfides (carrollite, linnaeite, or siegenite), the oxide minerals heterogenite (hydrated cobalt oxide) and asbolite (a mixture of manganese and cobalt oxides), and the carbonate sphaerocobaltite. In the copper-nickel-iron sulfide mines of Canada, Australia, Russia, and other regions, cobalt is present in place of nickel in many minerals.
Cobalt arsenides, such as smaltite, safflorite, and skutterudite, with the sulfoarsenide cobaltite and the arsenate erythrite, are mined in Morocco and on a much smaller scale in many other countries. These are the only primary cobalt ores.
Huge nickel-containing deposits found in New Caledonia, Cuba, Celebes (Indonesia), and other regions contain a small quantity of cobalt in the form of oxide minerals, such as asbolite.
A few pyrite (iron disulfide) deposits mined for their sulfur content contain enough cobalt to warrant the extraction of the latter from the roasted residue. Cobalt sulfides occasionally occur in lead-zinc deposits in quantities sufficient to justify their recovery.
Mineral processing
The most important sulfide sources, the copper-cobalt ores of Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia, are processed in the conventional manner to produce a copper-cobalt concentrate. This is then treated by flotation to separate a cobalt-rich concentrate for treatment in the cobalt circuit. Separation flotation utilizes pneumatic and mechanical agitation to produce air bubbles that carry the mineral particles to the surface. Different reagents are used to attract the cobalt minerals to the bubbles in preference to copper. Cobalt concentrates, which can contain as much as 15 percent cobalt, are then processed further, using either pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical extractive processes.
Extraction and refining
From copper and nickel processing
Cobalt contained in and smelted with copper concentrate is oxidized along with iron during the final conversion to blister copper. It then enters the slag layer, which can be treated separately, usually in an electric furnace, and the cobalt recovered by reduction with carbon to a copper-iron-cobalt alloy. In nickel smelting, most of the cobalt is recovered during electrolytic refining of the nickel by precipitation from solution, usually as a cobaltic hydroxide. But even in nickel smelting, cobalt starts to oxidize before the nickel and can be recovered from the final converter slag. In the ammonia pressure leaching of nickel, cobalt is recovered from solution by reduction with hydrogen under pressure. In refineries using a chloride leach for nickel matte, solvent extraction is used to remove cobalt directly from the pregnant solution. The resulting concentrated solution, after some purification, is suitable for the recovery of cobalt by electrowinning.
From ores
For copper-cobalt ores, a sulfide concentrate is roasted under controlled conditions to transform most of the cobalt sulfide to a soluble sulfate while minimizing the change of copper and iron to their water-soluble states. The product is leached, the resulting solution is treated to remove copper and iron, and the cobalt is finally recovered by electrolysis. If the copper and cobalt ores are in the oxidized state, copper can be removed by electrolysis in sulfuric acid solution and the cobalt precipitated from the spent electrolyte by adjustment of the acidity of the solution. Cobalt is again eventually obtained in the metallic state by electrolysis.
Cobalt concentrates from arsenide ores may be roasted in the same manner as sulfide concentrates in order to remove the arsenic as an impure arsenic trioxide. Alternatively, they can be leached and cobalt precipitated with hydrogen, as with nickel sulfide concentrates.