Abraham Lincoln’s Achievements

This simply stated yet compelling speech in 1858 marked the beginning of Lincoln’s campaign for the U.S. Senate against Stephen A. Douglas. “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free,” Lincoln told his audience at the Illinois Republican state convention. “. . . It will become all one thing, or all the other.” In other words, slavery would either be legal or illegal throughout the United States.

Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, was a U.S. senator from Illinois. Lincoln, a Republican, ran against him. The two had seven debates in towns throughout the state. Most of their disagreements focused on whether the country should allow the extension of slavery into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Lincoln said no because slavery was morally wrong. Douglas believed the settlers in those territories should be allowed to decide the issue. Lincoln lost the election in 1858. However, the debates made him a national figure, and people began to consider whether he would be an effective presidential candidate.

Lincoln ran against Douglas again two years after their Senate race. This time, the contest was for the presidency. Lincoln won, defeating Douglas and two other candidates. The crowded field meant that Lincoln was able to win the presidency with little to no support from the South. Several weeks after the election, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union.

In this 1861 speech Lincoln insisted, “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” He also said that the United States could not break up unless all parties agreed to do so. “The Union of these States is perpetual,” he said. Lincoln also declared that he would not attack any part of the country unless it attacked the Union first. He said, “there needs to be no bloodshed or violence; and there shall be none, unless it be forced upon the national authority.”

Although Lincoln was not present at the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861, his decisions controlled the outcome of this first engagement of the American Civil War. When Confederates took over the fort, Lincoln could have withdrawn Union troops. The fort itself had little military value. He also could have ordered an attack, but he did not want the Union to fire the first shots in the conflict. Lincoln decided to send food supplies to Union troops stationed at Fort Sumter. Before the supplies arrived, the Confederates attacked, firing the first shots in the war. The ensuing Civil War completely consumed Lincoln’s administration. He excelled as a wartime leader, creating a high command for directing all of the Union’s resources and energies toward the war effort. He combined statecraft and overall command of the armies with what some have called military genius.

What many people misunderstand about the Emancipation Proclamation is that it did not immediately free a single slave. Instead, it declared free the slaves who lived in the states that had rebelled against the Union. Since the U.S. government did not yet control those lands, no slaves went free until the proclamation could be enforced in the South. However, the proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, had tremendous significance. It allowed the Union to recruit black soldiers, who turned out to be crucial in the fight. Lincoln said they were “the heaviest blow yet dealt to the rebellion.” The proclamation turned out to be the beginning of the end of slavery in the United States. The proclamation was also important politically. The Southern states believed that France or Britain would give them military aid in exchange for Southern cotton. Once Lincoln declared Southern slaves to be free, neither country would intervene on the side of the Confederacy.

Lincoln delivered this short, but now world-famous speech, at the dedication of the National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on November 19, 1863. One of the most crucial battles of the Civil War had taken place on that land four months previously. Lincoln said that the soldiers who had died on the land had made it holy. He urged that “we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain.” Instead, he desired that “this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

As with the Gettysburg Address, this March 1865 speech that followed Lincoln’s 1864 reelection was brief yet memorable and influential. In it Lincoln reflected on how much had changed in four years. He pointed out that neither side expected the war to be so bloody or last so long. He also said that each side read the same Bible and prayed to the same God. Lincoln described his intent for all Americans to act “with malice toward none; with charity for all.” He pointed out that veterans, widows, and orphans would all need care. And he expressed a desire “to bind up the nation’s wounds” and secure “a just and lasting peace.” A little over a month later, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed the president.