Danny Boyle: Boyle returned to movies with Yesterday (2019), a comedy that imagines an alternate universe where the Beatles never existed.

Paul McCartney: Other work and assessment: The 1965 Beatles track “Yesterday” (wholly written by McCartney and performed alone with a string quartet) has been played some six million times on U.S. radio and television, far outstripping its nearest competitor. Moreover, with over 3,000 cover versions, it is also the most-recorded song ever. In 2010 McCartney…

Sophia Loren: …Mastroianni: Ieri, oggi, domani (1963; Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow), a film that earned an Oscar for best foreign film; and Matrimonio all’italiana (1964; Marriage, Italian Style). The best performance of her late career, again with Mastroianni, was for director Ettore Scola in Una giornata particolare (1977, A Special Day). Loren’s…

Genghis Khan: Early struggles: …was defeated by his father, Yesügei, when Temüjin was born. The chronology of Temüjin’s early life is uncertain. He may have been born in 1155, in 1162 (the date favoured today in Mongolia), or in 1167. According to legend, his birth was auspicious, because he came into the world holding…

Yesuj, city, capital of Kohgīlūyeh va Būyer Aḥmad province, southwestern Iran. The town has a sugar mill and other local industry producing bricks and mosaic tiles, livestock feed, mats and baskets, and carpets and rugs. Roads link it with Dogonbaden, Dehdasht, Shiraj, Nūrābād, and Bandar-e

Yet Do I Marvel, sonnet by Countee Cullen, published in the collection Color in 1925. Reminiscent of the Romantic sonnets of William Wordsworth and William Blake, the poem is concerned with racial identity and injustice. The poet ponders the nature of God, stating “I do not doubt God is good,

Abominable Snowman, mythical monster resembling a large, hairy, apelike being supposed to inhabit the Himalayas at about the level of the snow line. Though reports of actual sightings of such a creature are rare, certain mysterious markings in the snow have traditionally been attributed to it.

history of Central Asia: …hence its Russian name of Semirechye.

nature worship: Tides: The animal hero and trickster Yetl, the raven, is successful in conquering (with the aid of the mink) the seashore from the moon at low tide, and thus an extended area is gained for nourishment with small sea animals.

Judaism: The ethically bound creature: The biblical word yetzer, for example, means “plan,” that which is formed in human minds. In the two occurrences of the word in Genesis (6:5; 8:21), the plan or formation of the human mind is described as raʿ, perhaps “evil” in the moral sense or maybe no more…

Judaism: The ethically bound creature: …disobedience, and subsequently the counter-term yetzer ha-ṭov (“the good impulse”) was used to indicate humans’ obedience. These terms more clearly suggest the ethical quality of human duality, while their opposition and conflict point to human freedom and the ethical choices humans must make. Indeed, it is primarily within the realm…

Sefer Yetzira, (Hebrew: “Book of Creation”), oldest known Hebrew text on white magic and cosmology; it contends that the cosmos derived from the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet and from the 10 divine numbers (sefirot). Taken together, they were said to comprise the “32 paths of secret wisdom” by

Steven Yeun is an actor whose empathetic slow-burn performances often explore deep feelings of shame, rage, and masculine pride. He rose to fame playing zombie apocalypse survivor Glenn Rhee in the popular horror television series The Walking Dead (2010–22). In 2020 he garnered an Academy Award

Steven Yeun is an actor whose empathetic slow-burn performances often explore deep feelings of shame, rage, and masculine pride. He rose to fame playing zombie apocalypse survivor Glenn Rhee in the popular horror television series The Walking Dead (2010–22). In 2020 he garnered an Academy Award

Eugene Onegin: of Aleksandr Pushkin’s masterpiece Eugene Onegin (1833). Onegin is the original superfluous man, a character type common in 19th-century Russian literature. He is a disillusioned aristocrat who is drawn into tragic situations through his inability or unwillingness to take positive action to prevent them.

Yevpatoriya, city, Crimea, southern Ukraine, on the Kalamit Bay on the west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Founded in the 6th century bce as a Greek colony and later renamed for Mithradates VI Eupator, sixth king of Pontus, the city has known many masters, passing to Russia with the annexation of

Jewish Autonomous Region, autonomous oblast (region), far eastern Russia, in the basin of the middle Amur River. Most of the oblast consists of level plain, with extensive swamps, patches of swampy forest, and grassland on fertile soils, now largely plowed up. In the north and northwest are the

Yevgeny Yevtushenko was a poet and spokesman for the younger post-Stalin generation of Russian poets. His internationally publicized demands for greater artistic freedom and for a literature based on aesthetic rather than political standards signaled an easing of Soviet control over artists in the

Yevgeny Yevtushenko was a poet and spokesman for the younger post-Stalin generation of Russian poets. His internationally publicized demands for greater artistic freedom and for a literature based on aesthetic rather than political standards signaled an easing of Soviet control over artists in the

yew, any tree or shrub of the genus Taxus (family Taxaceae), approximately eight species of ornamental evergreens, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Other trees called yew but not in this genus are the plum-yew, Prince Albert yew (see Podocarpaceae), and stinking yew. Two species are

Taxaceae, the yew family, in the order Pinales, containing 6 genera and 30 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. The plants have many branches, covered with alternate, needlelike leaves. Pollen-bearing and ovule-bearing plants are usually separate;

Yeysk, city, Krasnodar kray (territory), southwestern Russia. It was founded as a port in 1848 on the southern side of Taganrog Gulf of the Sea of Azov. Fishing and associated industries (fish canning) are important; other industries include agricultural processing. The city is a noted health

Yazd, city, capital of Yazd province, central Iran. The city dates from the 5th century ce and was described as the “noble city of Yazd” by Marco Polo. It stands on a mostly barren sand-ridden plain about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) above sea level. The climate is completely desertic. A network of

Yazdegerd I was the king of the Sāsānian Empire who reigned from 399–420. Yazdegerd was a highly intelligent ruler who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and of the Magi (a priestly caste serving a number of religions); thus, his reign is viewed differently by Christian

Yazdegerd II was the king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 438–457), the son and successor of Bahrām V. Although Yazdegerd was at first tolerant of the Christians, he remained a zealous Zoroastrian and later persecuted both Christians and Jews. He was engaged in a short war with Rome in 442 and

Yazdegerd III was the last king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 632–651), the son of Shahryār and a grandson of Khosrow II. A mere child when he was placed on the throne, Yazdegerd never actually exercised power. In his first year the Arab invasion began, and in 636/637 the Battle of al-Qādisīyah

Yazdegerd I was the king of the Sāsānian Empire who reigned from 399–420. Yazdegerd was a highly intelligent ruler who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and of the Magi (a priestly caste serving a number of religions); thus, his reign is viewed differently by Christian

Yazdegerd II was the king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 438–457), the son and successor of Bahrām V. Although Yazdegerd was at first tolerant of the Christians, he remained a zealous Zoroastrian and later persecuted both Christians and Jews. He was engaged in a short war with Rome in 442 and

Yazdegerd III was the last king of the Sāsānian dynasty (reigned 632–651), the son of Shahryār and a grandson of Khosrow II. A mere child when he was placed on the throne, Yazdegerd never actually exercised power. In his first year the Arab invasion began, and in 636/637 the Battle of al-Qādisīyah

Yitzḥak Shamir was a Polish-born Zionist leader and prime minister of Israel in 1983–84 and 1986–90 (in alliance with Shimon Peres of the Labour Party) and in 1990–92. Shamir joined the Beitar Zionist youth movement as a young man and studied law in Warsaw. He immigrated to Palestine in 1935 and

Nikolay Ivanovich Yezhov was a Russian Communist Party official who, while chief of the Soviet security police (NKVD) from 1936 to 1938, administered the most severe stage of the great purges, known as Yezhovshchina (or Ezhovshchina). Nothing is known of his early life (he was nicknamed the “Dwarf”

Soviet Union: Internal, 1930–37: …Nikolay Yezhov, from whom the Yezhovshchina, the worst phase of the terror in 1937–38, took its name. A new group, headed by Grigory (Yury) Pyatakov, was now arrested, figuring in the second great trial in January 1937. This time the charges included espionage, sabotage, and treason, in addition to terrorism.

Yazīdī, member of a Kurdish religious minority found primarily in northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northern Syria, the Caucasus region, and parts of Iran. The Yazīdī religion includes elements of ancient Iranian religions as well as elements of Judaism, Nestorian Christianity, and Islam.

American literature: Lyric fictionists: …followed in the footsteps of Anzia Yezierska, a prolific writer of the 1920s whose passionate books about immigrant Jews, especially Bread Givers (1925), have been rediscovered by contemporary feminists.

Hokkaido, northernmost of the four main islands of Japan. It is bordered by the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the west, the Sea of Okhotsk to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the east and south. Together with a few small adjacent islands, it constitutes a dō (province) of Japan. Sapporo, in the

Yggdrasill, in Norse mythology, the world tree, a giant ash supporting the universe. It is closely related to the tree of life, a motif found across many cultures, and the tree of knowledge, which was said to grow in the Garden of Eden in Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). In

Bad Bunny: Later that month he released YHLQMDLG (an acronym for Yo hago lo que me da la gana, or “I do whatever I want”), an album of party songs that was a critical and commercial success. Bad Bunny earned his first Grammy Award when YHLQMDLG won for best Latin pop or…

Republic of the Congo: Congo since independence: Joachim Yhombi-Opango, soon clashed with the PCT, and Col. Denis Sassou-Nguesso replaced Yhombi-Opango in 1979.

Yahweh, name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of “YHWH,” the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus. The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton. After the Babylonian Exile (6th

pan: The yi was often mentioned together with the pan in ancient documents. While the yi was used for pouring water during washing, the pan collected the used water beneath the washing.

Yi, ethnic group of Austroasiatic origin living largely in the mountains of southwest China and speaking a Tibeto-Burman language. The Yi people numbered more than 7.5 million in the early 21st century. Their principal concentrations were in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, with smaller numbers in

Korean art: Painting: Yi Am, Sin Saim-dang, and Yi Chŏng are the better scholar-painters of the first period. Unlike the professional court painters, who made Chinese landscapes their specialty, these amateur scholar-painters devoted themselves to painting the so-called Four Gentlemen—the pine tree, bamboo, plum tree, and orchid—as well…

Yi Chŏng was a painter who was one of the most popular 16th-century Korean artists. The great-great-grandson of King Sejong (1397–1450), Yi is said to have personified the ideal Korean aristocrat. He is as famous for his regal and generous disposition and his scholarly tastes as he is for his

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: Yi Chŏng-Bo wrote of the pleasure of removing oneself from worldly cares. Quite a few of his works take up the theme of love—a rarity in the poetry of scholar-bureaucrats. Yi Se-Bo, a member of the royal family who wrote some 450 sijo, wrote on…

Wong Kar-Wai: …genre with Yutdoi jungsi (2013; The Grandmaster), a biography of martial artist Yip Man (Leung), who was best known as the trainer of Bruce Lee. Wong wrote the screenplay for and produced the romantic comedy Bai du ren (2016; “See You Tomorrow”). It was directed by Zhang Jiajia, who wrote…

Joseon dynasty, the last and longest-lived imperial dynasty (1392–1910) of Korea. Founded by Gen. Yi Seong-Gye, who established the capital at Hanyang (present-day Seoul), the kingdom was named Joseon for the state of the same name that had dominated the Korean peninsula in ancient times. The

Zhou Xiaochuan: …PBC and was succeeded by Yi Gang.

Daewon-gun was the father of the Korean king Gojong. As regent from 1864 to 1873, Daewon-gun inaugurated a far-ranging reform program to strengthen the central administration; he modernized and increased its armies and rationalized the administration. Opposed to any concessions to Japan or the

Korean literature: Transitional literature: 1894–1910: …sŏng (1907; “A Demon’s Voice”); Yi Haejo, Chayujong (1910; “Liberty Bell”); and Ch’oe Ch’ansik, Ch’uwŏlsaek (1912; “Colour of the Autumn Moon”). In their works these writers advocated modernization, a spirit of independence, contact with Western countries, study abroad, the diffusion of science and technology, and the abolition of conventions and…

Gojong was the 26th monarch of the Joseon (Yi) dynasty and the last to effectively rule Korea. Gojong became king of Korea while still a young boy. During the first years of his reign, power was in the hands of his father, Daewon-gun, who as regent attempted to restore and revitalize the country.

Korean literature: Early Chosŏn: 1392–1598: …while 16th-century works such as Yi Hwang’s “Tosan shibi kok” (“Twelve Songs of Mount To”) and Yi I’s “Kosan kugok ka” (“Nine Songs of Mount Ko”) established a tradition that glorified the truths to be found in nature. Hwang Chin-I and Yi Mae-Ch’ang pioneered a new realm of sijo that…

Korean literature: Later Koryŏ: 12th century to 1392: …was established by O Se-Jae, Yi Il-Lo, Yi Kyu-Bo, and others. This group was integral to the emergence and proliferation of literary criticism during this period. Yi Il-Lo, in his P’ahan chip (1260; “Jottings to Break Up Idleness”), defends the value of literature and praises the beautifully chiseled sentence. Yi…

Yi In-mun was a famous Korean landscape painter. A follower of the traditional Northern school of Chinese painting, Yi was known for the subtlety of his designs and the confidence of his brushstrokes. His most famous work, “River in Spring,” is a long horizontal scroll depicting an endless

Korean literature: Transitional literature: 1894–1910: …writers and their works are Yi Injik, Kwi ŭi sŏng (1907; “A Demon’s Voice”); Yi Haejo, Chayujong (1910; “Liberty Bell”); and Ch’oe Ch’ansik, Ch’uwŏlsaek (1912; “Colour of the Autumn Moon”). In their works these writers advocated modernization, a spirit of independence, contact with Western countries, study abroad, the diffusion of…

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: …launched by Ch’oe Namsŏn and Yi Kwangsu. In 1908 Ch’oe published the poem “Hae egeso pada ege” (“From the Sea to Children”) in Sonyŏn (“Children”), the first literary journal aimed at producing cultural reform. Inspired by Lord Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Ch’oe celebrates in clean masculine diction the strength of…

Korean literature: Later Koryŏ: 12th century to 1392: …by O Se-Jae, Yi Il-Lo, Yi Kyu-Bo, and others. This group was integral to the emergence and proliferation of literary criticism during this period. Yi Il-Lo, in his P’ahan chip (1260; “Jottings to Break Up Idleness”), defends the value of literature and praises the beautifully chiseled sentence. Yi Kyu-Bo’s Paegun…

Sino-Tibetan languages: Tibeto-Burman languages: … in its widest application) includes Yi (Lolo), Hani, Lahu, Lisu, Kachin (Jingpo), Kuki-Chin, the obsolete Xixia (Tangut), and other languages. The Tibetan writing system (which dates from the 7th century) and the Burmese (dating from the 11th century) are derived from the Indo-Aryan (Indic)

Zhang Yimou: …included Yi miao zhong (2020; One Second) and Cliff Walkers (2021).

Yi Munyŏl is a South Korean author, regarded as a master of the short story and novella genres. Yi was born two years before the outbreak of the Korean War. When the war began, his father defected to North Korea. As a consequence, his family had to contend with poverty, social stigma, and police

Yi Saek was a Korean literary figure and Neo-Confucian scholar. Patronized by kings during the Koryo period (918–1392), he promoted an educational system based on the Confucian texts and was responsible for establishing a Confucian tradition of public mourning. While favoring Confucianism in public

Yi Sang-chwa was a noted Korean painter famous for the freshness and originality of his style. Yi was originally a slave in a scholar’s household, but his great artistic talents soon came to the attention of the king, and he was admitted to the Korean Royal Academy. He is known for his landscapes

Hong Kong literature: Yi Shu (Ni Yishu) wrote mainly popular romances that catered to a mostly female audience. In science fiction, Ni Kuang (Ni Yiming), brother of Yi Shu, was a productive author whose works were imaginative and entertaining. Tang Ren (Yan Qingshu), a pro-communist writer, was famous…

Yi Song-Gye was the founder of the Korean Joseon (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910). A military leader in the Goryeo dynasty, he rose through the ranks by battling invading forces. He defeated his rivals and drove out the last king of the Goryeo dynasty, taking the throne in 1392. He established his capital

Yi Soyeon is a South Korean scientist and astronaut, the first South Korean citizen in space. Yi earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in mechanical engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in Taejŏn in 2001 and 2002, respectively. In 2006 she was working

Chosŏn style, Korean visual arts style characteristic of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910). Chosŏn craftsmen and artisans, unable except occasionally to draw inspiration from imported Chinese art, relied on their own sense of beauty and perfection. Particularly in the decorative arts, the Chosŏn style

Yi Sun-shin was a Korean admiral and national hero whose naval victories were instrumental in repelling Japanese invasions of Korea in the 1590s. After passing the government examinations to become a military officer in 1576, Yi served at various army and navy posts. Although he was twice

Yi Sun-shin was a Korean admiral and national hero whose naval victories were instrumental in repelling Japanese invasions of Korea in the 1590s. After passing the government examinations to become a military officer in 1576, Yi served at various army and navy posts. Although he was twice

Confucianism: The age of Confucianism: Chosŏn-dynasty Korea, Tokugawa Japan, and Qing China: Yi T’oegye (1501–70), the single most-important Korean Confucian, helped shape the character of Chosŏn Confucianism through his creative interpretation of Zhu Xi’s teaching. Critically aware of the philosophical turn engineered by Wang Yangming, T’oegye transmitted the Zhu Xi legacy as a response to the advocates…

history of film: Taiwan: Yi yi (2000), a compelling portrait of a family and society, was honoured by the National Society of Film Critics in the United States as the year’s best film released there. Tsai Ming-liang, a filmmaker originally from Malaysia, continued Yang’s scrutiny of contemporary urban mores,…

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: …or hatred, was produced by Yi Yuksa and Yun Tongju. In Yi’s poem “Chŏlchŏng” (1939; “The Summit”), he re-creates the conditions of an existence in extremity and forces the reader to contemplate his ultimate destiny. The poetry of Yun Tongju, a dispassionate witness to Korea’s national humiliation, expresses sorrow in…

Confucianism: The age of Confucianism: Chosŏn-dynasty Korea, Tokugawa Japan, and Qing China: In addition, Yi Yulgok’s (1536–84) challenge to T’oegye’s re-presentation of Zhu Xi’s Confucianism, from the perspective of Zhu’s thought itself, significantly enriched the repertoire of the learning of the principle. The leadership of the central government, supported by the numerous academies set up by aristocratic families and…

Li Qingzhao was China’s greatest woman poet, whose work, though it survives only in fragments, continues to be as highly regarded as it was in her own day. Li Qingzhao was born into a literary family and produced well-regarded poetry while still a teenager. In 1101 she married Zhao Mingcheng, a

Huangshan: …named for the famous scenic Mount Huang (Huang Shan). According to Chinese legend, Huangdi (the “Yellow Emperor”), the third of the mythical emperors of ancient China, went to the mountain (then called Mount Yi) to gather herbal medicines from which to make pills of immortality. In 747 the name was…

Yijing, an ancient Chinese text, one of the Five Classics (Wujing) of Confucianism. The main body of the work, traditionally attributed to Wenwang (flourished 12th century bc), contains a discussion of the divinatory system used by the Zhou dynasty wizards. A supplementary section of “commentaries”

yi-dam, in Tibetan Buddhism, a tutelary, or guardian, deity with whom a lama (monk) has a special, secret relationship. The lama first prepares himself by meditation, then selects from among the guardian deities the one that reveals itself as offering the right guidance for a specific or lifelong

Yi-gi debates, series of religious and philosophical arguments about the essential (yi; Chinese li: “principle”) or existential/material (gi, or ki; Chinese qi: “vital breath”) nature of reality conducted by two groups of Korean Neo-Confucians in the 16th and 17th centuries. They paralleled similar

Jilin: People of Jilin: …the province, except in the Yianbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture that is contiguous with North Korea and has a large population of ethnic Koreans. Most of the Manchu (Man) live in the central part of the province, in the vicinity of Jilin and Siping municipalities; in addition, the Yitong Man Autonomous…

Yibin, city, southeastern Sichuan sheng (province), China. It is situated at the southwestern corner of the Sichuan Basin at the junction of the Min and the Yangtze rivers; above Yibin the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is called the Jinsha River. Surrounded on three sides by two rivers and with the

Jabneh, ancient city of Palestine (now Israel) lying about 15 miles (24 km) south of Tel Aviv–Yafo and 4 miles (6 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. Settled by Philistines, Jabneh came into Jewish hands in the time of Uzziah in the 8th century bc. Judas Maccabeus (d. 161 bc) attacked the harbour of

Yichang, city, western Hubei sheng (province), China. It extends along the left bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), at a point marking the division between the river’s middle and lower courses. A number of hills rise directly behind the city, and the small island of Xiba forms a harbour in the

Yichun, city, north-central Heilongjiang sheng (province), far northeastern China. It is situated in the densely forested area of the Xiao Hinggan (Lesser Khingan) Range, at the confluence of the Yichun River (from which the city takes its name) and the Tangwang River, a tributary of the Sungari

Stanley Matthews: …given for the court in Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886), held that even a law fair and impartial on its face was unconstitutional if it was administered in such a way as to deprive citizens of the equal protection of the laws as required by the 14th Amendment.

I.L. Peretz: …as deputy chairman at the Yiddish Conference that assembled in 1908 at Czernowitz, Austria-Hungary (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine), to promote the status of the language and its culture.

Avrom Goldfaden: …playwright and the originator of Yiddish theatre and opera.

Yiddish language, one of the many Germanic languages that form a branch of the Indo-European language family. Yiddish is the language of the Ashkenazim, central and eastern European Jews and their descendants. Written in the Hebrew alphabet, it became one of the world’s most widespread languages,

Yiddish literature, the body of written works produced in the Yiddish language of Ashkenazic Jewry (central and eastern European Jews and their descendants). Yiddish literature culminated in the period from 1864 to 1939, inspired by modernization and then severely diminished by the Holocaust. It

Michael Chabon: The Yiddish Policemen’s Union (2007), which speculatively situated the Jewish state in Sitka, Alaska, rather than Israel, deployed hard-boiled detective novel conventions in relating the resolution of a murder. The novel won a Hugo Award in 2008. Gentlemen of the Road (2007), a picaresque featuring…

Avrom Sutzkever: …in the 1990s by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.

Yiddish literature: Yiddish theatre: European Jewish drama had its origin in the late Middle Ages, when dancers, mimics, and professional jesters entertained at wedding and Purim celebrations. Amateur Jewish actors began performing door to door during the Purim holiday. Their verse plays combined Bible stories and references to…

Osvaldo Golijov: One of his earliest successes, Yiddishbbuk (1992), was written for the St. Lawrence and the clarinetist Todd Palmer, and the Kronos Quartet performed and recorded a number of his works. In 2000 Golijov received acclaim for La Pasión según San Marcos (“St. Mark’s Passion”), a Latin American setting of the…

Molly Picon: Her film credits include Yiddle with His Fiddle (1937), Mamele (“Little Mother”; 1938), Come Blow Your Horn (1963), and Fiddler on the Roof (1971). A Jewish theatre was named for her in 1931. She continued to perform into her 80s.

Iranian languages: Dialects: …people speak dialects of the Yidghā-Munjī group. Monjān is a very remote valley located in northern Afghanistan, and it is separated by a mountain pass from the Sanglechī-speaking region. Yidghā is spoken in the valley of the Lutkho River and in the nearby city of Chitrāl, a region now in…

Tongzhi was the reign name (niaohao) of the eighth emperor (reigned 1861–1874/75) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), during whose reign occurred a short revitalization of the beleaguered Qing government, known as the Tongzhi Restoration. Ascending the throne at the age of five (six by Chinese

Zhengde was the reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor (reigned 1505–21) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), during whose reign eunuchs achieved such power within the government that subsequent rulers proved unable to dislodge them. Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne in 1505, taking the reign name

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: With the book Yidish-taytshn (1937; “Yiddish Meanings,” alluding to the Yiddish Bible translations called taytshn), Glatstein began his return to Jewish themes. In one poem (“Shomer”) he acknowledges that he previously avoided Yiddish characters such as Abramovitsh’s Fishke the Lame, but he there reaffirms his link to folk…

Avrom Sutzkever: …in the 1990s by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.

electronic fighting game: Eight-bit era: Konami’s Yie Ar Kung-Fu (1985) added a variety of punch and kick maneuvers, each activated by moving the joystick in a specific direction—an innovation that would be greatly expanded by later games—as well as a “health bar” that indicated a player’s relative strength. Capcom Co., Ltd.’s…

chemical compound: Evaluation of a synthetic method: Second, the yield in each step must be considered. A step in a synthesis may give a very low yield of the desired product. For example, a proportion of the reactant may be converted into a different product by an alternative process that competes with the desired…

Pearl Jam: Vitalogy through Pearl Jam: Despite good reviews, Yield (1998) and Binaural (2000) were not commercial successes. Pearl Jam, however, remained a popular concert draw, and the band’s 2000 European tour was chronicled on 25 live and unedited CDs. The politically charged Riot Act (2002) was a solid rock album, but its intensity…

yield curve, in economics and finance, a curve that shows the interest rate associated with different contract lengths for a particular debt instrument (e.g., a treasury bill). It summarizes the relationship between the term (time to maturity) of the debt and the interest rate (yield) associated