hypothalamus: Hypothalamic regulation of hormone secretion: …hormones that are incorporated into secretory granules that are then carried through the axons and stored in nerve terminals located in the median eminence or posterior pituitary gland. In response to neural stimuli, the contents of the secretory granules are extruded from the nerve terminals into a capillary network. In…

ear disease: …a disorder called serous, or secretory, otitis media. In early and middle adult life the usual cause for progressive impairment of hearing is otosclerosis. The usual cause of hearing loss after the age of 60 is presbycusis, a disorder that results from the aging process.

Mike Leigh: …success with the release of Secrets and Lies (1996), which follows a black woman’s search for her birth mother, who turns out to be white. The film won the Palme d’Or at Cannes and also received five Academy Award nominations, including best picture, best original screenplay, and best director. After…

Joy Harjo: …Drove Me to This? (1979); Secrets from the Center of the World (1989), prose poetry, with photographs by Stephen Strom; In Mad Love and War (1990), the winner of a 1991 American Book Award; Fishing (1992); A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales (2000); and How We Became…

G.W. Pabst: …was Geheimnisse einer Seele (1926; Secrets of a Soul), a realistic consideration of psychoanalysis that recalls Expressionist themes in its detailed examination of a disturbed consciousness. Die Liebe der Jeanne Ney (1927; The Love of Jeanne Ney) incorporates documentary shots to heighten the realism of its postwar setting. These three…

Second Book of Enoch, pseudepigraphal work whose only extant version is a Slavonic translation of the Greek original. The Slavonic edition is a Christian work, probably of the 7th century ad, but it rests upon an older Jewish work written sometime in the 1st century ad (but before the destruction

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: …Persian poem Asrār-e khūdī (The Secrets of the Self). He wrote in Persian because he sought to address his appeal to the entire Muslim world. In this work he presents a theory of the self that is a strong condemnation of the self-negating quietism (i.e., the belief that perfection…

Noomi Rapace: In the film The Secrets We Keep (2020), she was cast as a woman seeking revenge against a man she believes assaulted her and killed others during World War II.

Augustine Baker: …writings available in print are Secretum, a commentary on the Cloud of Unknowing, in which the first section is somewhat of a spiritual autobiography (published under the title The Confessions of Venerable Fr. A.B., 1922) the second section is an exposition of the Cloud itself (ed. by J. McCann, 1924);…

eparch: …bureau of the government, the secretum, acted to carry out his orders.

Petrarch: Moral and literary evolution (1340–46) of Petrarch: …a common reading of the Secretum meum (1342–43). It is an autobiographical treatise consisting of three dialogues between Petrarch and St. Augustine in the presence of Truth. In it he maintains hope that, even amidst worldly preoccupations and error, even while absorbed in himself and his own affairs, a man…

Kyōha Shintō, group of folk religious sects in Japan that were separated by a government decree in 1882 from the suprareligious national cult, State Shintō. They were denied public support, and their denominations were called kyōkai (“church”), or kyōha (“sect”), to distinguish them from the

Christianity: Church, sect, and mystical movement: The opposition develops into sects, which are comparatively small groups that strive for unmediated salvation and that are related indifferently or antagonistically to the world. The exclusivity and historical discontinuity of the sect is signified by its adherence to believers’ baptism and efforts to imitate what it believes is…

art conservation and restoration: Role of law: ” In France, the Commission des Secteurs Sauvegardés was set up in 1962 under André Malraux, minister for cultural affairs, to pursue an active program for public protection of historic areas. In the United States, the Historic American Buildings Survey was designed to assemble a national archive of historic…

orchid: Characteristic morphological features: …viscin threads and is called sectile; the other kind ranges from soft, mealy pollinia, through more compact masses, to hard, waxlike pollinia; the latter usually have some mealy pollen with viscin strands that attach the pollinia to each other or to a viscidium. This portion of the pollinium is called…

mineral: Tenacity: …particularly gold, silver, and copper); sectile, capable of being severed by the smooth cut of a knife (copper, silver, and gold are sectile); ductile, capable of being drawn into the form of a wire (gold, silver, and copper exhibit this property); flexible, bending easily and staying bent after the pressure…

military unit: …slightly larger unit is a section, which consists of 10 to 40 soldiers but is usually used only within headquarters or support organizations.) Three or four squads make up a platoon, which has 20 to 50 soldiers and is commanded by a lieutenant. Two or more platoons make up a…

Section d’Or, Paris-based association of Cubist painters; the group was active from 1912 to about 1914. The group’s name was suggested by the painter Jacques Villon, who had developed an interest in the significance of mathematical proportions such as the ancient concept of the golden section, the

disability studies: Inspired by UPIAS, the Society for Disability Studies (SDS; originally Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability [SSCIID]) was started in 1982 by a group of American academics led by activist and writer Irving Zola. Michael Oliver, a disabled sociologist, helped to push the movement into…

Socialist Party (PS), major French political party formally established in 1905. The Socialist Party traces its roots to the French Revolution. Its predecessor parties, formed in the 19th century, drew inspiration from political and social theorists such as Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon,

coal mining: Haulage: …in three stages: face or section haulage, which transfers the coal from the active working faces; intermediate or panel haulage, which transfers the coal onto the primary or main haulage; and the main haulage system, which removes the coal from the mine. The fundamental difference between face, intermediate, and main…

Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture, most important of the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s three visual arts programs conceived during the Great Depression of the 1930s by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration and designed to embellish new federal buildings with murals and sculpture. It

sectionalism, an exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole. Throughout American history, tension has existed between several regions, but the competing views of the institution of slavery held by Northerners and Southerners was the preeminent sectional

particle accelerator: Sector-focused cyclotrons: The sector-focused cyclotron is another modification of the classical cyclotron that also evades relativistic constraint on its maximum energy. Its advantage over the synchrocyclotron is that the beam is not pulsed and is more intense. The frequency of the accelerating voltage is constant,…

physical science: Impact of Newtonian theory: …most notably that of the secular acceleration of the Moon, defied early attempts at solution but finally yielded to the increasing power of the calculus of variations in the service of Newtonian theory. Thus, it was that Laplace—in his five-volume Traité de mécanique céleste (1798–1827; Celestial Mechanics)—was able to comprehend…

Charles Taylor: Religion and secularity: …societies with his massive work A Secular Age, published in 2007. A Secular Age tracks some of the major changes in Christian belief in Western societies during the last five centuries, examining how it has come to be that modern individuals can understand themselves, their society, and the natural world…

Secular Games, celebrations held in ancient Rome to mark the commencement of a new saeculum, or generation. The games originated with the Etruscans, who, at the end of a mean period of 100 years (as representing the longest human life in a generation), presented the underworld deities with an

Horace: Life: …17 bc he composed the Secular Hymn (Carmen saeculare) for ancient ceremonies called the Secular Games, which Augustus had revived to provide a solemn, religious sanction for the regime and, in particular, for his moral reforms of the previous year. The hymn was written in a lyric metre, Horace having…

secular institute, in the Roman Catholic church, a society whose members attempt to attain Christian perfection through the practice of poverty, chastity (celibacy), and obedience and to carry out the work of the church while “living in and of the world,” attending privately to their business or

Milky Way Galaxy: Solar motion calculations from proper motions: …often referred to as the secular parallax. The secular parallax is defined as 0.24h/r, where h is the solar motion in astronomical units per year and r is the mean distance for the solar motion solution.

celestial mechanics: Examples of perturbations: …time increases is called a secular perturbation. Superposed on the secular perturbation of the longitude of the node are periodic perturbations (periodically changing their direction), which are revealed by the fact that the rate of secular regression of the node is not constant in time. The Sun causes a secular…

human development: Larger size and earlier maturation: …is known as the “secular trend.” The magnitude of the trend in Europe and America is such that it dwarfs the differences between socioeconomic classes.

geomagnetic field: Secular variation of the main field: …with geologic processes are called secular variation. Observations of declination made in London since 1540, for example, show that the direction of the field at that site has nearly completed a full cycle with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 30°. Οther components of the field have been observed for a shorter…

secularism, any movement in society directed away from otherworldliness to life on earth. In the Middle Ages in Europe there was a strong tendency for religious persons to despise human affairs and to meditate on God and the afterlife. As a reaction to this medieval tendency, secularism, at the

Secunda, modern company town (built after 1974), Mpumalanga province, South Africa. It is located about 80 miles (130 km) east of Johannesburg in a region of extensive coal reserves and adequate water supplies, at the site of South Africa’s second and third oil-from-coal extraction plants. Like the

Hyderabad: History: Farther north, Secunderabad grew as a British cantonment (military facility), connected to Hyderabad by a bund (embankment) 1 mile (1.6 km) long on Husain Sagar Lake. The bund now serves as a promenade and is the pride of the city. Many new structures, reflecting a beautiful blend…

fallacy: Material fallacies: …case of the fallacy of secundum quid (more fully: a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid, which means “from a saying [taken too] simply to a saying according to what [it really is]”—i.e., according to its truth as holding only under special provisos). This fallacy is committed when a general…

Donatist: The primate of Numidia, Secundus of Tigisi, who had acquired in the previous 40 years the right of consecrating the bishop of Carthage, arrived in Carthage with 70 bishops and in solemn council declared Caecilian’s election invalid. The council then appointed a reader (lector), Majorinus, to replace Caecilian.

human behaviour: Attachment: …caregivers—that between infants who are “securely” attached and those who are “insecurely” attached. Infants with a secure attachment to a parent are less afraid of challenge and unfamiliarity than are those with an insecure attachment.

hazardous-waste management: Secure landfills: …must be deposited in so-called secure landfills, which provide at least 3 metres (10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the landfill and the underlying bedrock or groundwater table. A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and leachate collection systems. The double leachate collection system consists of…

secure second strike, the ability, after being struck by a nuclear attack, to strike back with nuclear weapons and cause massive damage to the enemy. Secure second strike capability was seen as a key nuclear deterrent during the Cold War. The strategy also partially explained the extraordinarily

Is your debt backed by collateral?Debt (that is, borrowing money and promising to pay it back with interest) is a common financial tool for individuals, businesses, and even governments. Companies and governments issue bonds and other fixed-income securities to fund expenses, capital improvements,

crown vetch, (Securigera varia), vigorous trailing plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely grown in temperate areas as a ground cover. Crown vetch is native to the Mediterranean region and has naturalized in many places; it is considered an invasive species in parts of the United States. The

Romania: Imposition of the Soviet model: The party also established the Securitate, the centrepiece of a vast security network. It dissolved private organizations of all kinds and severely curtailed the ability of churches to perform their spiritual and educational tasks. In their place, and mainly in order to mobilize public opinion, it created mass organizations in…

due diligence: …example, Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 may protect issuers of publicly traded stock from liability for inaccurate statements if they can show they performed adequate due diligence in ascertaining the veracity of those statements. In addition, Chapter 8 of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines allows for the reduction…

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), U.S. regulatory commission established by Congress in 1934 after the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency investigated the New York Stock Exchange’s operations. The commission’s purpose was to restore investor confidence by ending misleading sales

Major Supreme Court Cases from the 2023–24 Term: Securities and Exchange Commission v. Jarkesy: ” Argued on November 29, 2023. During the Great Depression, which began with the stock market crash of 1929, Congress passed legislation in 1934 that created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a federal agency to which it delegated regulatory

United States: The first New Deal: The Securities Exchange Act gave the Federal Trade Commission broad new regulatory powers, which in 1934 were passed on to the newly created Securities and Exchange Commission. The Home Owners Loan Act established a corporation that refinanced one of every five mortgages on urban private residences.…

stock exchange, organized market for the sale and purchase of securities such as shares, stocks, and bonds. In most countries the stock exchange has two important functions. As a ready market for securities, it ensures their liquidity and thus encourages people to channel savings into corporate

security: The most common types of securities are stocks and bonds, of which there are many particular kinds designed to meet specialized needs. This article deals mainly with the buying and selling of securities issued by private corporations. (The securities issued by governments are discussed in the article government economic policy.)

securitization, the practice of pooling together various types of debt instruments (assets) such as mortgages and other consumer loans and selling them as bonds to investors. A bond compiled in this way is generally referred to as an asset-backed security (ABS) or collateralized debt obligation

security, in business economics, written evidence of ownership conferring the right to receive property not currently in possession of the holder. The most common types of securities are stocks and bonds, of which there are many particular kinds designed to meet specialized needs. This article

collateral, a borrower’s pledge to a lender of something specific that is used to secure the repayment of a loan (see credit). The collateral is pledged when the loan contract is signed and serves as protection for the lender. If the borrower ends up not making the agreed-upon principal and

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, organization of representatives of virtually all the states of Europe, as well as the United States and Canada, committed to formalizing decisions on important questions affecting the security and stability of the European continent as a whole.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, organization of representatives of virtually all the states of Europe, as well as the United States and Canada, committed to formalizing decisions on important questions affecting the security and stability of the European continent as a whole.

security and protection system, any of various means or devices designed to guard persons and property against a broad range of hazards, including crime, fire, accidents, espionage, sabotage, subversion, and attack. Most security and protection systems emphasize certain hazards more than others. In

Louis Sullivan: Later work of Louis Sullivan: …Midwestern towns, beginning with the National Farmers’ (now Security) Bank in Owatonna, Minnesota. Sullivan’s work habits had become erratic, and it is known that this particular design is primarily the work of Elmslie. It has a simple cube form pierced on two sides by large arched windows. Its walls of…

ASEAN Regional Forum: The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, which discusses issues such as preventive diplomacy and confidence-building measures, is an example of second-track diplomacy. The central role of second-track procedures distinguishes ARF from most other international organizations, which generally treat non-official diplomatic measures as residual…

United Nations Security Council, United Nations (UN) organ whose primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council originally consisted of 11 members—five permanent members (the Republic of China [Taiwan], France, the Soviet Union, the United

security dilemma, in political science, a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state’s security. Some scholars of international relations have argued that

security and protection system: Physical security.: Guard-force training, supervision, and motivation are other important aspects of the personnel-administration approach to security. The use of operational personnel to attain security objectives is still another. Examples include engineers, production workers, and clerical staff applying government security regulations for the safeguarding of classified information,…

collateral, a borrower’s pledge to a lender of something specific that is used to secure the repayment of a loan (see credit). The collateral is pledged when the loan contract is signed and serves as protection for the lender. If the borrower ends up not making the agreed-upon principal and

When we look around us, often the world does not feel like a safe place to live in. We are rightly outraged by the ubiquity of violence and war. The reality is, however, that tremendous efforts are being made globally to bring an end to violent conflict; in many places, societies are much safer

Gestapo: …of a new organization, the Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo; “Security Police”). Under a 1939 SS reorganization, the Sipo was joined with the Sicherheitsdienst, an SS intelligence department, to form the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (“Reich Security Central Office”) under Heydrich. In that bureaucratic maze, the functions of the Gestapo often overlapped with those of other…

MI5, intelligence agency charged with internal security and domestic counterintelligence activities of the United Kingdom. It is authorized to investigate any person or movement that might threaten the country’s security. Although MI5 is responsible for domestic counterespionage, it has no powers

Poland: Police: …mobile paramilitary riot squad—and the Security Service (SB), a secret political police force. In the early 1980s ZOMO played a key role in enforcing martial law and controlling demonstrations. The paramilitary nature of the Policja (“Police”), as they became known after 1990, has diminished.

SS: The RSHA also included the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service), a security department in charge of foreign and domestic intelligence and espionage.

security and protection system, any of various means or devices designed to guard persons and property against a broad range of hazards, including crime, fire, accidents, espionage, sabotage, subversion, and attack. Most security and protection systems emphasize certain hazards more than others. In

gladiator: …man”) was matched with the secutor (“pursuer”); the former wore nothing but a short tunic or apron and sought to entangle his pursuer, who was fully armed, with the cast net he carried in his right hand; if successful, he dispatched him with the trident he carried in his left.…

Darius II Ochus: …throne from his half brother Secydianus (or Sogdianus), whom he then executed. Ochus, who had previously been satrap of Hyrcania, adopted the name of Darius on his accession; he was also known as Nothus (from the Greek nothos, meaning “bastard”). Darius was dominated by eunuchs and by his half sister…

Sicyon, ancient Greek city in the northern Peloponnese about 11 miles (18 km) northwest of Corinth. Inhabited in Mycenaean times and later invaded by Dorians, Sicyon was subject to Argos for several centuries. In the 7th century bc, Sicyonian independence was established by non-Dorian tyrants, the

Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund: Controlled by the Socialist Unity Party, the FDGB was formed shortly after World War II with virtually compulsory membership. With the rapid reduction of private enterprise in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany, the trade unions dropped their original function of representing the workers’ interests as against the employers’…

Heb-Sed, one of the oldest feasts of ancient Egypt, celebrated by the king after 30 years of rule and repeated every 3 years thereafter. The festival was in the nature of a jubilee, and it is believed that the ceremonies represented a ritual reenactment of the unification of Egypt, traditionally

Michel-Jean Sedaine was a French dramatist who is best known as the author of a fine domestic comedy, Le Philosophe sans le savoir (1765; “The Philosopher Without Knowledge”). The son of a master builder, Sedaine began his career as a stonemason. In 1752 he published a volume of poetry, and his

Neil Sedaka is an American singer, songwriter, composer, and pianist, one of the most prolific songwriters of his era, having written or cowritten more than 500 songs, including the hits “Calendar Girl” (1959), “Breaking Up Is Hard to Do” (1960), and “Happy Birthday, Sweet Sixteen” (1961). Although

Russia: The 20th century: …meta-metaphoric poetry of Aleksey Parshchikov, Olga Sedakova, Ilya Kutik, and others. The turbulent 1990s were a difficult period for most Russian writers and poets. The publishing industry, adversely affected by the economic downturn, struggled to regain its footing in the conditions of a market economy. Nonetheless, private foundations began awarding…

Sedalia, city, seat of Pettis county, west-central Missouri, U.S., 75 miles (121 km) east-southeast of Kansas City. Established in 1857 by George R. Smith and originally named Sedville for his daughter Sarah (nicknamed Sed), it developed along the Missouri Pacific Railroad right-of-way. It became a

Sedan, town, Ardennes département, Grand Est région, northeastern France. Sedan is situated 9 miles (14 km) southwest of the Belgian frontier. It lies on the right bank of the Meuse River along a loop in the river in a depression between two ridges. Sedan was the scene of a French military disaster

sedan, portable, enclosed chair mounted on horizontally placed parallel poles and carried by men or animals. In Italy, France, and England, in the 17th and 18th centuries, sedans became highly luxurious and were often elaborately carved and upholstered and painted with mythological scenes or

sedan, portable, enclosed chair mounted on horizontally placed parallel poles and carried by men or animals. In Italy, France, and England, in the 17th and 18th centuries, sedans became highly luxurious and were often elaborately carved and upholstered and painted with mythological scenes or

Battle of Sedan, (Sept. 1, 1870), decisive defeat of the French army in the Franco-German War, causing the surrender of Napoleon III and the fall of the Bonaparte dynasty and the Second French Empire; it was fought at the French border fortress of Sedan on the Meuse River, between 120,000 French

Marie-Charles David de Mayrena: …the self-styled king of the Sedang tribe of the northern Central Highlands in what is now southern Vietnam.

Sedang language, North Bahnaric language of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Sedang is spoken by some 110,000 people living in south-central Vietnam. The Tadrah language, spoken south of Sedang in the same region, may be a dialect but is usually considered a

seder, any of the major orders, or divisions, of the Mishna, the oldest codification of Jewish oral laws. See

Stephen Colbert: There he met Amy Sedaris and Paul Dinello, with whom he created the award-winning sketch show Exit 57 (1995–96) and the bizarre sitcom Strangers with Candy (1999–2000), both on the Comedy Central cable network. Colbert worked on several other television projects before joining in 1997 Comedy Central’s The…

David Sedaris is an American humorist and essayist best known for his sardonic autobiographical stories and social commentary, which appeared on the radio and in numerous best-selling books. Sedaris grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, the second eldest of six siblings; his sister Amy also became a

David Sedaris is an American humorist and essayist best known for his sardonic autobiographical stories and social commentary, which appeared on the radio and in numerous best-selling books. Sedaris grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, the second eldest of six siblings; his sister Amy also became a

drug use: Barbiturates, stimulants, and tranquilizers: …extensive use as sleeping aids, sedatives, hypnotics, energizers, mood elevators, stimulants, and tranquilizers.

sedative-hypnotic drug, chemical substance used to reduce tension and anxiety and induce calm (sedative effect) or to induce sleep (hypnotic effect). Most such drugs exert a quieting or calming effect at low doses and a sleep-inducing effect in larger doses. Sedative-hypnotic drugs tend to depress

Richard John Seddon was a New Zealand statesman who as prime minister (1893–1906) led a Liberal Party ministry that sponsored innovating legislation for land settlement, labour protection, and old age pensions. After working in iron foundries in England, Seddon went to Australia in 1863 to work at

annelid: …are divided into free-moving and sedentary, or tube-dwelling, forms; the earthworms (Oligochaeta); and the leeches (Hirudinea).

history of Central Asia: …the relationship between the “civilized” and the “barbarian”—the two opposed but complementary. The equation so often propounded—of the civilized with the sedentary and the barbarian with the nomad—is misleading, however. The most significant distinction between the two groups in Eurasia lies probably in the successful attempt of the civilized…

annelid: …are divided into free-moving and sedentary, or tube-dwelling, forms; the earthworms (Oligochaeta); and the leeches (Hirudinea).

history of Central Asia: …the relationship between the “civilized” and the “barbarian”—the two opposed but complementary. The equation so often propounded—of the civilized with the sedentary and the barbarian with the nomad—is misleading, however. The most significant distinction between the two groups in Eurasia lies probably in the successful attempt of the civilized…

history of Central Asia: …the relationship between the “civilized” and the “barbarian”—the two opposed but complementary. The equation so often propounded—of the civilized with the sedentary and the barbarian with the nomad—is misleading, however. The most significant distinction between the two groups in Eurasia lies probably in the successful attempt of the civilized…

seder, any of the major orders, or divisions, of the Mishna, the oldest codification of Jewish oral laws. See

seder, religious meal served in Jewish homes on the 15th and 16th of the month of Nisan to commence the festival of Passover (Pesaḥ). Though Passover commemorates the Exodus, the historical deliverance of the Jewish people from Egyptian bondage in the days of Moses (13th century bce), Jews are ever

chronology: Jewish: …Jewish chronologies extant is the Seder ʿolam rabbaʾ (“Order of the World”), transmitted, according to Talmudic tradition, by Rabbi Yosi ben Halafta in the 2nd century ad. The author was possibly the first to use the rabbinic Era of the Creation. His chronology extends from the creation to Bar Kokhba…

chronology: Jewish: The smaller work Seder ʿOlam zuṭaʾ completes the Rabbaʾ. It aims to show the Babylonian exilarchs as lineal descendants of David.

Jakob Johannes Sederholm was a geologist who pioneered in the study of the Precambrian rocks (those from 3.96 billion to 570 million years old) of Finland. He was appointed geologist to the Geological Commission of Finland in 1888, and from 1893 to 1933 he was its director. Sederholm vigorously